2. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Module Learning Outcomes (Los)
Students will be able to:
• Critically understand the paradigm of qualitative
and quantitative research paradigms
3. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Definition of Qualitative Research
Research whose findings are not subject to
quantification or quantitative analysis. Its
research conclusions are not based on
precisely, measurable statistics but on
more subjective observations and
analysis.
4. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Design
When constructing a building there is no point
ordering materials or setting critical dates for
completion of project stages until we know what
sort of building is being constructed. The first
decision is whether we need a high rise office
building, a factory for manufacturing machinery,
a school, a residential home or an apartment
block. Until this is done we cannot sketch a plan,
obtain permits, work out a work schedule or
order materials.
5. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Definition of Research Design
• A plan or strategy which moves from the
underlying philosophical assumptions to
specifying the selection of respondents,
the data gathering techniques to be used
and the data analysis to be done.
Keywords: plan, strategy, selection of
respondents, data gathering, data analysis
6. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative
Research
Design
Conceptual
studies
Historical
research
Action
research
Case
study
research
Ethnograp
hy
Grounded
theory
7. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Conceptual Research
• Critically engages with the understanding of
concepts
• An in-depth analysis of literature with variety of
contending meanings that are compatible with
theoretical statements
• Aims to add to the existing body of knowledge
and understanding – it generates knowledge
8. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Historical Research
• Systematic process of describing,
analysing and interpreting the past
• Tend to focus on why certain events
happen and their analysis
• Descriptive analysis that provides
information about events and plots the
development doesn’t explain how or
why events occured
9. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Historical Research
• Four types of historical events that can be
used:
a) Primary sources
b) Secondary sources
c) Running records
d) Recollection (oral history)
10. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Historical Research
Watch a video about Tutankhamun’s
Discovery
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjEZ2J
piFlE
Answer the following questions:
1.What type of historical event is the video?
2.List two descriptions given about Tutankhamun.
3.How was Howard Carter’s death perceived?
4.What were the focused events in the video?
11. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Action Research
• Focuses on problems faced by
participants to seek for solution
• Important to understand the context to
solve the problem
• Researcher is the mediator to help the
participants
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of the
intervention is an important focus
12. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Action Research
• The process of conducting the research:
Identifying the problem
Data collection
Data analysis
Taking action to resolve the problem
Evaluation
13. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Action Research
• Possible ethical dilemmas:
a) Bias of the researcher towards data being
collected
b) Levels of involvement of the researcher
c) Effect of researcher withdrawing
14. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Case Study Research
• There are multiple definitions to define
case study:
Authors Definitions
Bromley (1990:302) A systematic inquiry into an event or a set of
related events which aims to describe and
explain the phenomenon of interest.
Yin (1984: 23) Empirical inquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon and context are
not clearly evident and in which multiple
sources of evidence are used
Maree (2011: 75) Strive towards a comprehensive understanding
of how participants relate an interact with each
other in a specific situation and how they make
meaning of a phenomenon under study.
15. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Case Study Research
• Focuses on a system of action instead of
an individual or groups
• Can also focus on one or two issues that
are fundamental in understanding the
system being examined
16. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Case Study Research
Watch Scotland Yard’s greatest
investigation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Tg6fTQ
S7eo
Answer the following questions.
1.Who are the individuals involved in this
case study?
2.What are the possible data collection
methods used?
17. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
3. What was the intention of the
investigator?
4.What could have been the possible
challenges in conducting the
investigation?
18. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Case Study Research
• Key strengths case study research:
a.Use of multiple sources and techniques in
data gathering process
b.Researcher not only know what happened,
but why it happened as well
c.Able to develop solutions and test in
similar studies
19. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Case Study Research
d. Many evidence from the research case
can be used as evidence, as opposed to
making inferential from traditional
statistical analysis
20. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Case Study Research
• Criticisms of case study:
a. Difficult to extrapolate from a single
research case
b. Reliability of the results is difficult to
demonstrated
c. Expensive and time-consuming
21. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Ethnography
• Word stems from the Greek words, ethnos
(people) and graphien (to write) write
about people
• The description of a community or group
that focuses on social systems and
cultural heritage
• Ethnographers normally spend enough
time in field with aim to establish the
hidden inferences
22. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Ethnography
• Ethnography assumes that all human
behaviour is intentional and observable
• Purpose of the research is to understand
the reasoning behind people’s actions
• Researcher is often not a member of the
group spend time living in a community
observing, doing in-depth interview,
reading and researching primary source
material
23. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Ethnography
• Eventually the researcher compiles all this
data and analyse it
• Not only reports what people do and say,
but also some analysis that tells us about
the social structure and world-view of the
group
• Ethnographic is naturalistic – researcher
tries to be invisible and be involved in an
obstructive observation
24. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Ethnography
• Observation is the main method, but
structured interview and documents can
be used too
25. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Ethnography
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qubUz25
Uxj0
1.What is the other name for healing
ceremony?
2.What are the pictures made of?
3.What is the circular hut known as?
26. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Grounded Theory
• Development of theory from data that is
systematically gathered and analysed
(instead of starting out with a theory and
proving it)
• The purpose of using GT method is to
develop a theory from the data being
examined
27. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Data Gathering Techniques
Data
Gathering
Techniques
Documents
Observation
Interview
28. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Documents
• Focuses on all types of written
communications
• Data sources can be published and
unpublished documents, company
reports, memoranda, agendas,
administrative documents, letters, reports,
e-mails, faxes, newspaper articles etc.
29. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Documents
In selecting documents to be included in
your study, always verify the following:
• What kind of documents are you dealing
with (primary or secondary?; official or
unofficial communication, etc.)?
• What is the publication date(this is
extremely important when you deal with a
phenomenon that has changed in recent
years)?
30. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Documents
• Is it based on empirical data (based on
original research), or is it anecdotal or
opinion?
• What was the purpose or intent of the
document? Also consider the context in
which it was produced.
31. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Documents
• What are the main points or arguments put
forward or how do these relate to your own
study?
• What was the research methodology used
in producing the document (if it is
empirical)?
32. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Observation
• A systematic process of recording the
behavioural patterns of participants,
objects and occurrences without
necessarily questioning
• An everyday activity whereby we use our
senses (seeing, hearing, touching,
smelling, tasting) – but also intuition to
gather bits of data
33. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Observation
• As a qualitative data gathering technique,
observation is used to gain greater insight
and understanding of the phenomenon
observed
• The focus is only selective area and not
the entire situation
• Researcher should handle own biases
34. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Observation
• First, decide the data gathering technique
and ensure that you have defined the
purpose and focus
• Link the focus to the research questions
• Define your terms or key constructs _
What are the cues or facts I’m looking for?
How will I recognise them if I see them?
What are the unique behaviour you have
to pay attention to?
35. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Observation
Types of
observation
Complete
observer
Observer
as
participant
Participant
as observer
Complete
participant
36. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Interviews
• A two way conversation between
researcher and participant/s
• Objective is to see the world through the
eyes of the participant & obtain descriptive
questions
37. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Interview
• To explore the participant’s views, ideas, beliefs, attitudes
• Normally seen on TV , sometimes with surprising results
Open-ended interview
• Interviewer attempts to ask a core of prepared questions and
expands to other questions
Semi-structured interview
• Questions and some possible answers are specified before the
interview
• Reduces the risk of interviewer bias, fixed with alternative
questions , they are based on questionnaires
Structured interview
38. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Watch this interview. In your opinion, what
type of interview is this?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kovGM1
ZrCck
39. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Interview
• Keys to successful interviews:
a)Find the right person who is best qualified
b)Inform the aim of the research to the
interviewee
c)Use appropriate questioning technique
d)Be a good listener and do not argue
e)Observe the respondents’ non-verbal
communication
Editor's Notes
When constructing a building there is no point ordering materials or setting critical dates for completion of project stages until we know what sort of building is being constructed. The first decision is whether we need a high rise office building, a factory for manufacturing machinery, a school, a residential home or an apartment block. Until this is done we cannot sketch a plan, obtain permits, work out a work schedule or order materials. Similarly, research needs a design or a structure before data collection or analysis can commence. The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables us to answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible. Obtaining relevant evidence entails specifying the type of evidence needed to answer the research question, to test a theory, to evaluate a programme or to accurately describe some phenomenon. In other words, when designing research we need to ask: given this research question (or theory), what type of evidence is needed to answer the question (or test the theory) in a convincing way?
Primary sources – original source texts (known as archival data because they are kept in museums, archives, libraries or private collections). Emphasis is given in to the written word on paper, although modern historiography can involve any medium
Secondary sources – work of other scholars writing about the issue being studied
Running records – documentaries maintained by organisations (minutes of meetings, records of events, commentaries about events
Recollections – autobiographies, memoirs and oral histories. It requires critical analysis of documents and cross-checking records and reports about incidents
Complete observer
non-participant observer looking at the situation from outside
Least obtrusive form of observation
Limitation observer does not become immersed (etic perspective)
b. Obeserver as participant
Researcher gets into the situation, but focuses only on observation
Observation is to study the patterns of behaviour in a particular community to u/stand the values, assumptions and beliefs of the participants, understand the social dynamics – but the researcher remains uninvolved and does not influence the dynamics of the setting
Participant as observer
A typical action research projects where the researcher becomes parts of the research projects
Researcher works with the participants to design and develop the strategies
Researcher immerse with the group to gain an insider perspective (known as an emic perspective)
d. Complete participant
- Researcher gets completely immersed in the setting
- Subject do not know that they are being observed
- Often used in ethnographic studies
- Seldom used as it raises serious ethical issues – those being observed have not granted consent to being observed or they are not aware of being observed
