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1. COMMUNICATION
Process, Principles, and Ethics
Russel M. Carilla
Instructor

2. Communication
• The term communication process refers to the exchange of
information (a message) between two or more people. For
communication to succeed, both parties must be able to exchange
information and understand each other. If the flow of information is
blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves
understood, then communication fails.

4. Elements of Communication
• Sender/Source - The sender is also known as the source of the
information. They come first on the list of elements in communication. They
share information which can be in various forms such as opinions, ideas,
news, etc. with a person or group of persons.
• Message - Once the encoding process is decided, the sender must develop
the message that contains the information they wish to convey. The
message may be written, symbolic, verbal, or non-verbal. It must be in a
form that is transmittable for the appropriate channel in the
communication process.

5. Elements of Communication
• Channel – A channel is the means by which the sender
communicates a message to the receiver. It is a form of
communication that relies on a medium to deliver a message. For
example, written communication is a channel of communication that
relies on mediums such as letters, business reports, emails, etc. to
convey information.
• Receiver - The receiver acts as an essential element of
communication, decoding the message. Simply put, the receiver is
the intended party for the message.

6. Elements of Communication
• Noise/Barrier/Interference - During the communication process,
outside factors may distract or interfere with the reception of the
message. This distortion of unplanned factors is referred to as the
noise element of communication.
• Feedback - It is a form of reverse communication where the receiver
encodes a message for the sender to decode. In simple words, the
receiver tells the sender how they interpreted the message and
offer their own thoughts and ideas.

7. Elements of Communication
• Context – It is the situation from which the communication is done. It
includes settings or environment (family, school, workplace,
religious communities); social relations (friends, husband and wife,
parent and child, colleagues/boss- subordinate in the office);
scenes which include place, time and occasion (business meeting,
job interview, social gathering – parties, weddings, etc.); and culture
(history, tradition, beliefs, norms, values)

8. The Five Steps of Communication
Process (Schreiner, 2018)
1. Creation
• It is forming the communicative intent where the sender generates and
idea.
• This requires the individual who is sending the message to decide what
s/he wants to say and select a medium through which to communicate this
information.
• If the medium s/he selects is a written one, s/he must compose a concise
and clear message that others can understand and if the medium is oral, s/he
must plan out a clear spoken message.

9. The Five Steps of Communication
Process (Schreiner, 2018)
2. Transmission
• The transmission may be as simple as meeting with the intended
recipient of the message, and orally sharing the message, or calling
the individual to communicate orally over the phone.
• If the message is a print one, it may include distributing a paper
memo or sending an email.

10. The Five Steps of Communication
Process (Schreiner, 2018)
3. Reception
• After transmitting the message, the communication duties change
hands and fall upon the receiver of the message.
• The message is obtained either from the written format the sender
selected or listening carefully as the message is delivered orally.

11. The Five Steps of Communication
Process (Schreiner, 2018)
4. Translation
• Once receiving the message, the recipient must translate the
message into terms that s/he can easily understand.
• To do this, s/he must listen to or read the message in question and
paraphrase it within her/his head, turning the potentially complex
context contents of the message into more manageable and
meaningful components.

12. The Five Steps of Communication
Process (Schreiner, 2018)
5. Response
• This may be verbal and immediate, which is commonly the case if
communication is face-to-face.
• It may also be easily a written response that either expands upon
the message or simply indicates receipt of the message in question.

13. Types of Communication According to
Context
• Intrapersonal Communication – means talking to oneself. Some
label it as self or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue.
• Interpersonal Communication – an interactive exchange takes place
as interpersonal communication takes place. A transactional does
not necessarily take place since it can only be a simple interaction
greetings or ordinary conversation.

14. Types of Communication According to
Context
• Extended Communication – involves the use of electronic media
such as televisions, radio, audio or phone conferencing, video
conferencing, and other technological means. With the use of
electronic media, messages are transmitted quickly. With this, your
thinking, behavior, and attitude may be influenced by other people
and you may be persuaded to take views you hear.

15. Types of Communication According to
Context
• Organizational Communication – plays in organizational contexts. This
happens between and among individuals who is part of a company, a group,
or any other organizations. For an organization to be successful, a set of
rules or standards for communication protocol should be made clear so
that interaction patterns are established.
• Intercultural Communication – communication between or among people
having different linguistics, religious, ethnic, sex, social, and professional
backgrounds. Individuals having different orientations communicates and
interpret messages differently.

16. Space in Communication

17. Space in Communication
• The amount of space that exists between yourself and others
communicates your comfort level, the importance of the
conversation, your desire to support or connect with others, and the
relative degree of power you hold. Space can be categorized into
intimate, personal, social, and public.

18. Space in Communication
• Intimate - As we breach the invisible line that is 1.5 feet from our
body, we enter the intimate zone, which is reserved for only the
closest friends, family, and romantic/intimate partners.
• Personal - This space is your “bubble”- the space you place between
yourself and others or the space you set where you are comfortable.

19. Space in Communication
• Social - Communication that occurs in the social zone, which is four to
twelve feet away from our body, is typically in the context of a professional
or casual interaction, but not intimate or public. This distance is preferred
in many professional settings because it reduces the suspicion of any
impropriety.
• Public - Public and social zones refer to the space four or more feet away
from our body, and the communication that typically occurs in these zones
is formal and not intimate. Public space starts about twelve feet from a
person and extends out from there.

20. Principles (7 Cs of Communication
• Clear: The message should be clear and easily understandable to the
recipient.
• Correct: The message should be accurate and free of errors.
• Complete: The message should include all the relevant information
and not leave out any details.
• Concise: The message should be brief and to the point, avoiding
unnecessary words.

21. Principles (7 Cs of Communication
• Concrete: The message should be specific and concrete, not vague
or abstract.
• Coherent: Ensure that your message flows logically. Avoid covering
to much information.
• Courteous: Being polite builds goodwill. Ensure that the message is
tactful and not offensive.

22. Ethics in Communication
1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audience.
▪ Communication is a two-way process. The communicator must
consider the audience ideas and feelings during the interaction.
2. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of their
Communication.
▪ Every communicator must bear in mind that the ultimate aim of
communication is to promote the common good. Communication must
be set in a way that conflict is reduced or eliminated.

23. Ethics in Communication
3.Ethical Communicators Respect the Truth.
▪ A great deal of the ethics of communication involves a respect for
truth. Indeed, as one has put it, the assumption of truth undergirds the
very concept of communication itself: "an inherent end of speech is the
communication of belief" (Kupfer 118). If we cannot trust the other
party, we cannot accurately judge how to respond. If we cannot
accurately judge how to respond, then our communication becomes
increasingly ineffective

24. Ethics in Communication
4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly.
▪ Communicators have the responsibility to give and acquire
adequate and accurate information. As an ethical communicator, a
respect for truth means being informed on a topic before posing as any
kind of authority on the subject. We also need to consider the accuracy
of the information and the accuracy with which we use it. When we
communicate, we expect people to react in some way to what we say
and do. When we use inaccurate information to influence others, we
cause difficulty for them and for ourselves.

25. Ethics in Communication
5. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information.
▪ Worse than the distortion of information is falsifying information.
Failing to find information useful to our goals, we make it up. This is a
form of cheating; therefore, it should by all means be avoided.

26. Ethics in Communication
6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to information.
▪ A respect for truth and an ethical consideration of others also means
respecting the rights of others in regard to information and access to
information. Collecting information is an integral part of the research
process, but stealing information is theft, taking something that does not
belong to us. Beyond the personal act of theft, stealing information is
unethical because it prevents other people from securing information and
unnecessarily makes their lives more difficult.