2. 2
2
Introduction
Coronaviruses are viruses that are causative agent of
common colds.
COVID-19 is a viral disease due to a new
strain (SARS-CoV-2)
The most likely ecological reservoirs for
coronaviruses are bats, but it is believed that the virus
jumped the species barrier to humans from another
intermediate animal host.
The virus that causes COVID-19 is known as SARS-
CoV-2. It appears to have first emerged in Wuhan,
China, in late 2019.
3. 3
Timeline
On January 30, 2020, India recorded
its first COVID-19 positive case in
Kerala, which was followed by a
nationwide lockdown extended in four
different phases from 25th March to
31st May, 2020, and an unlock period
thereafter.
International travel and non-essential
traveling visas were suspended on
March 13, 2020. The Indian railways
shut down its operations on March 23,
2020, for the first time in its history
spanning over 167 years.
A 21-day nationwide lockdown
phase-1 was enforced from
March 25 to April 14, which
was extended further until May
31, 2020.
4. 4
Spread of the virus
SPREADS THROUGH MOUTH OR NOSE:
Current evidence suggests that the virus spreads
mainly between people who are in close contact
with each other, for example at a conversational
distance. The virus can spread from an infected
person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles
when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe.
Another person can then contract the virus when
infectious particles that pass through the air are
inhaled at short range (this is often called short-
range aerosol) or if infectious particles come into
direct contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth
(droplet transmission).
SPREADS THROUGH POOR
VENTILATED AREAS
The virus can also spread in poorly
ventilated and/or crowded indoor settings,
where people tend to spend longer periods
of time. This is because aerosols can
remain suspended in the air or travel
farther than conversational distance (this
is often called long-range aerosol or long-
range airborne transmission).
SPREADS THROUGH
TOUCHING:
People may also become
infected when touching their
eyes, nose or mouth after
touching surfaces or objects
that have been contaminated
by the virus.
5. 5
5
Global Impact
DEC. 31, 2019 :-
44 suspected cases,
0 deaths
‘I was wrong about it’
JAN. 10, 2020 :-
41 cases,
1 death
‘This virus still is controllable’
JAN. 30, 2020 :-
7,818 cases,
170 deaths
‘We are all in this together’
FEB. 4, 2020 :-
23,898 cases,
492 deaths
‘20 times more infectious and 20 times less lethal’
FEB. 15, 2020 :-
69,052 cases,
1,666 deaths
‘I don’t think I know a single person who would anticipate it would
get to this magnitude’
MARCH 1, 2020 :-
87,916 cases,
3,040 deaths
‘A lot of hopeful things being tried’
MARCH 11, 2020 :-
126,250 cases,
4,720 deaths
‘Concerned that negative is not really negative’
MARCH 17, 2020 :-
198,245 cases,
8,082 deaths
‘This goes into the air’
MARCH 25, 2020 :-
472,034 cases,
21,497 deaths
‘We’re still in the thick of it’
MARCH 2021 :-
117 million cases,
2.6 million deaths
‘We have underestimated definitely the staying power of this epidemic’
6. 6
Symptoms of COVID-19
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of
symptoms reported – ranging from mild symptoms to
severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after
exposure to the virus. Anyone can have mild to severe
symptoms. Possible symptoms include:
Fever or chills
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Fatigue
Muscle or body aches
Headache
New loss of taste or smell
Sore throat
Congestion or runny nose
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea
Symptoms may change with new COVID-19
variants and can vary depending on vaccination status.
7. 7
7
Prevention Measures
The best defense to prevent getting COVID-19 is to get
vaccinated. We should also follow the same steps you
would take to prevent COVID – 19:
Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds — especially
before eating and preparing food, after using the
bathroom, after wiping your nose, and after coming in
contact with someone who has a cold.
Wear a multilayered cloth facemask that fits snugly on
your face and covers your mouth, nose and chin
Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the
spread of viruses from your hands.
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when sneezing
and coughing
Maintain social distancing, Avoid close contact (within 6
feet) with those who have coughs, colds or are sick. Stay
home if you’re sick.
If you’re prone to sickness or have a weakened immune
system, stay away from large crowds of people. Follow
the directions of your healthcare authorities, especially
during outbreaks.
7
8. 8
8
Lockdowns and Restrictions
Here are some key points about lockdowns
and restrictions during the Covid-19
pandemic:
Stay-at-Home Orders
Closure of Non-Essential Businesses
Travel Restrictions
Remote Work
School Closures
Mask Mandates
Social Distancing
Gatherings Limitation
Quarantine and Isolation
Vaccination Campaigns
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9
Socio-economic Impact
Here are some key points on socioeconomic impacts
of COVID-19:
Unemployment Surge
Income Inequality
Global Recession
Remote Work Transition
Digital Divide
Healthcare Strain
Supply Chain Disruptions
Shift in Consumer Behaviour
Mental Health Impact
Education Disruption
10. 10
Vaccines
The interval between 1st and
2nd doses is 12-16 weeks.
Efficacy after the second dose
can vary from 70-
90%.People above 18 years
of age can opt for this
vaccine.
The interval between the 2 doses
is 4-6 weeks. This vaccine can be
78-95% effective after the second
dose. This vaccine can be injected
into people above 18 years of age.
Developed by Gamaleya Research
Institute of Epidemiology in
association with Dr Reddy’s. It is
91.6 per cent effective. The interval
between the 2 doses is likely to be
21 days.
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11
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, affecting health,
economies, and daily life. It highlighted the importance of public health measures,
medical research, and international cooperation. While vaccines brought hope,
challenges such as variants and equitable distribution remain. Lessons learned will
likely influence future pandemic preparedness and response.
