2. General information
• The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of
gray matter over the hemispheres.
• Certain cortical regions have somewhat
simpler functions, termed the primary
cortices.
• These include areas directly receiving sensory
input (vision, hearing, somatic sensation) or
directly involved in production of limb or eye
movements
3. FUNCTION OF THE AUDITORY CORTEX
• Primary auditory cortex (AI)
• Secondary auditory cortex (AII)
• The belt region
4. Primary auditory cortex:
• composed of neurons involved in decoding the cochleotopic and tonotopic
spatial representation of a stimulus.
• the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans.
Secondary auditory cortex:
• which doesn't have clear tonotopic organization but has an important role in
sound localization and analysis of complex sounds: in particular for specific
animal vocalizations and human language.
• It also has a role in auditory memory.
The belt region:
• surrounding AI and AII, which helps to integrate hearing with other sensory
systems
5. Functions Primary auditory area
• Primary auditory area is concerned with perception of auditory
impulses, analysis of pitch and determination of intensity and source of
sound.
• Area 41 and 42 are concerned only with the perception of auditory
sensation (sound).
• Wernicke area is responsible for the interpretation of auditory
sensation.
• It carries out this function with the help of secondary auditory area 22.
• Wernicke area is also responsible for understanding the auditory
information about any word and sending the information to Broca
area.
6. MAIN FUNCTION OF PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
• The neurons in the primary auditory cortex are
organized tonotopically, meaning that the
neurons in the auditory cortex react best to
specific frequencies.
• At one end of the auditory cortex, neurons react
best to low frequencies.
• the other end, they react to high frequencies.
7. Secondary Auditory area
• Secondary auditory area occupies the
superior temporal gyrus.
• It is also called or auditory association
area.(includes area 22)
• This area is concerned with interpretation of
auditory sensation along with Wernicke area.
• It is also concerned with storage of memories
of spoken words.
8. Auditory Brain
• Auditory messages are conveyed to the brain via two types of pathway:
1. PRIMARY AUDITORY PATHWAYS
2. NON-PRIMARY PATHWAYS
• primary auditory pathway which exclusively carries messages from the
cochlea.
• non-primary pathway (also called the reticular sensory pathway) which
carries all types of sensory messages.
11. Area for equilibrium
• Area for equilibrium is in the posterior part of superior
temporal gyrus.
• It is concerned with the maintenance of equilibrium of
the body.
• Stimulation of the area causes dizziness, swaying,
falling and feeling of rotation.
12. Damage to the Primary Auditory Cortex
• If the whole primary auditory area is damaged, a
person will not be aware of what he hears.
• Yet, an ability to react reflexively to sounds
remains. There are extensive connections from
both ears to both the left and right primary
auditory cortexes.
• person who has had a lesion on one side of the
auditory cortex only, is able to discriminate sound
frequencies quite well.
• Because each primary auditory cortex is mainly
responsible for localizing sounds on the opposite
side.