Group I hormones alter gene expression by binding to intracellular receptors and activating or inhibiting genes. Group II hormones bind to membrane receptors and use intracellular messengers like cyclic AMP, calcium ions, or kinases to exert their effects. The pituitary gland produces several hormones including growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH which regulate processes like growth, lactation, thyroid function, reproduction, and stress response. The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens which regulate processes like electrolyte balance, glucose metabolism, immune function, and sexual development.

1. BY
dr. WIDODO S., MKes
1

2. HORMONE  ORGANIC SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY ENDOCRINE GLAND
SITE OF ACTIVITY HORMONE :
TARGET CELL or TARGET ORGAN
1. AUTOCRINE TISSUE
 . H. TESTOSTERON; H. OESTROGEN
2. PARACRINE TISSUE
NEEDS RECEPTOR / MEDIATOR

3. RECEPTORE :
• HORMONE BIND RECEPTOR OF TARGET CELL
• RECEPTORE ARE PROTEIN
• RECEPTORE CAN CONFLUENCE ACTIVITY OF HORMONE
• HORMONES HAS ONE OR MANY RECEPTORES
3

4. CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES BY MECHANISM OF ACTION :
1. HORMONES THAT BIND TO INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR S :
STEROID HORMONE, THYROID HORMONE. CALCITRIOL
2. HORMONES THAT BIND TO SURFACE RECEPTORS :
II.1. THE SECOND MESSENGER IS c AMP
-. H. ADENOHIPOFISE -. H. HIPOFISE POSTERIOR
-. MSH; etc
II.2. THE SECOND MESSENGER ARE Ca++ / FOSFATIDIL INOSITOL
: ASETIL KOLIN, GASTRIN, VASOPRESIN, ADH
OKSITOSIN.
II.3. SECOND MESSNGER IS KINASE atau PHOSPHATE :
GROWTH HORMONE, PROLAKTIN, INSULIN
MEDIATOR IS CALLED SECOND MESSENGER
4
HORMONE IS CALLED FIRST MESSENGER

5. MEKANISME KERJA HORMON :
KELOMPOK I : HORMON DALAM SEL IKATAN
DENGAN RESEPTOR KOMPLEKS H-R
AKTIVASI IKATAN DENGAN GENE
atau DNA HRE SINTESA PROTEIN
atau TRANSKRIPSI
KELOMPOK II : HORMON MENEMPEL & BERIKATAN
DENGAN RESEPTOR MEDIATOR :
cAMP, Fosfatidil Inositol, Ca++
FUNGSI FISIOLOGIS JARINGAN SASARAN
5

7. GROUP I HORMONE : ALTER GENE EXPRESSION

11. GROUP II HORMONE
- BINDS MEMBRANE RECEPTOR
- USE INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS
EXAMPLE OF INTRACELLULAR MESSENGER :
- cyclic AMP
- cyclic GMP
- CALCIUM
- PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS

12. HORMONE ACTION WITH CYCLIC AMP AS INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS

17. HORMONE ACTION WITH CYCLIC GMP AS INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS

18. HORMONE ACTION WITH CACIUM AS INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS
CALCIUM CONCENTRATION :
EXTRACELL : 5 MMOL/L
INTRACELL : 0.1 – 10 MICROMOL/L
10,000 FOLD DIFFERENCE

19. CALMODULIN

24. PITUITARY GLAND
( HORMON HIPOFISE )
1. LOBUS / PARS ANTERIOR = ADENOHIPOFISE :
- GH - FSH - LH
- TSH - ACTH - LTH
2. LOBUS / PARS INTERMEDIA : MSH
3. LOBUS / PARS POSTERIOR = NEUROHIPOFISE :
- OKSITOSIN
- VASOPRESIN = ADH
24

25. HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND

26. HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE

27. HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY HORMONE INTEGRATION

28. GROWTH HORMONE (GH), PROLACTIN (PRL)
AND
CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMOTROPIN (CS)

29. GROWTH HORMONE = GH
STRUCTURE : POLIPEPTIDE
► SYNTHESIS :
SYNTHESZED FROM SOMATOTROPE PF ANTERIOS LOBE PITUITARY
SITIMULATED BY SLEEP, STRESS , EXERCISE, HYPOGLYCEMIC, SOME OF FOODS
29

30. GROWTH HORMONE
Sinthesized at somatotrope, pituitary acidophilic cells
191 aa, 22 kDa
5-15 mg/g of pituitary

31. GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN

32. GH EFFECT :
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INCREASE
ANTAGONIZE INSULIN EFFECT
RELEASE FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL FROM
ADIPOSE
RETENSION OF NATRIUM KALIUM AND CHLORIDE
STIMULATE LACTOGENESIS

33. PROLACTIN ACTIONS
LACTATION
LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE
OVERSECRETION OF PROLACTIN
AMENORHOE
GALACTORHOE
GYNECOMASTY
IMPOTENCE

34. CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMOTROPIN
PROLACTIN ACTIONS :
CS ACTIONS :
LACTATION
LACTOGENIC ACTIVITY
LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE
LUTEOTROPIC ACTIVITY
METABOLIC EFFECTS PROLACTIN :TO GH
OVERSECRETION OF SIMILAR
INHIBITION GLUCOSE UPTAKE
AMENORHOE
GALACTORHOE
STIMULATION FATTY ACID RELEASE
GYNECOMASTY
NITROGEN AND CALCIUM RETENTION
IMPOTENCE

35. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE CLASSIFICATION:
1. GROWTH HORMONE (GH), PROLACTIN (PRL) AND
CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMOTROPIN (CS)
2. GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE
TSH, FSH, LH
3. PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN PEPTIDE FAMILY (POMC)
ACTH, LPH, MSH

36. GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE
TSH
GONADOTROPIN (FSH, LH)

37. TSH, FSH, LH : CONSISTS OF TWO SUBUNIT : AND
Alfa subunit are same, beta subunit are different
WORKS THROUGH THEIR RECEPTOR AND ACTIVATION OF
ADEYLIL CYCLASE INCREASE OF cAMP

38. GONADOTROPIN (FSH, LH)
RESPONSIBLE FOR GAMETOGENESIS STEROIDOGENESIS
IN THE GONAD
FSH
TARGET : OVARIUM : FOLLICULAR CELLS
TESTES : SERTOLI CELLS
LH
TARGET : CORPUS LUTEUM, PRODUCE PROGRESTERON
LEYDIG CELLS, PRODUCE TESTOSTERON

39. THYROID HORMONE

40. HYPERTHYROID

41. THIROID HORMONE REGULATES :
GENE EXPRESSION
TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT

42. THYROID HORMONE
T3 : 3,5,3’-TRIIODOTHYRONINE
T4 : 3,5,3’,5’-TETRAIODOTYRONINE (THYROXINE)
NEED TRACE ELEMENT : IODINE

44. THYROID CELLS

45. METABOLISME YODIDA dalam FOLIKEL TIROID
RUANG FOLIKULER
DIT DIT
Oksid Perangk
asi Iodinasi MIT MIT T3 T4
I+ + Tgb
aian
Peroksidase DIT Tgb DIT DIT Tgb DIT
H2O2 MIT MIT MIT T4
DIT DIT
I-
O2 Pagositosis &
Tgb
NADPH NADP+ H+ Pinositosis
LISOSOM
Tgb
TIROSIN Lisosom
Tgb sekunder
I-
MIT Hidrolisa
I- DIT
POMPA YOD Kosentrasi * T3 & T4
Na-K ATPase Pelepasan
RUANG EKSTRASELULER T3 & T4
45
I-

47. PRECURSOR OF T3 AND T4 : THYROGLOBULIN
PRODUCED BY FOLLICULAR CELLS OF THYROID GLAND
PRODUCTION STIMULATED BY TSH
PROTEIN 660 KDA, 5000 AMINO ACID
CONTAIN 115 TYROSINE RESIDUES FOR IODINATION
T4:T3 RATIO IN THYROBLOBULIN : 7:1
IOD DEFISIENSI : RATIO T4:T3 DECREASE

48. IODIDE METABOLISM
-CONCENTRATION OF IODIDE : IOD PUMP
-OXIDATION OF IODIDE : I- TO I+
-IODINATION OF TYROSINE : 3 AND 5 POSITION
-COUPLING OF IODOTYROSIS : DIT+DIT : T4
MIT+DIT : T3

49. THYROID HORMONE ARE TRANSPORTED BY THYROID-BINDING GLOBULIN
TBG : THYROXIN-BINDING GLOBULIN
GLICOPROTEIN, 50 KDA 100X AFFINITY OF TBPA, NONCOVALEN
BINDS T3 AND T4 100 TIMES AFFINITY TO TBPA
MORE IMPORTANT THAN TBPA
PRODUCE IN THE LIVER
STIMULATES BY ESTROGEN (PREGNANT AND PILS)
DECREASE DURING ANDROGEN OR GLUCOCORTICOID TX

51. ONLY SMALL AMOUNT OF FREE T3 AND T4
FREE T3 T4 : IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGIC ACTIONS
RATIO T3:T4 IN BLOOD PLASMA: 1:1
80% T4 CONVERTED TO T3 IN CIRCULATION
(DEIODINATION)
T3 BINDS RECEPTOR 10 TIMES OF T4
T3 MORE IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY

52. THYROID HORMONE ACTION
ENHANCE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
INDUCE GH TRANSCRIPTION
IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPMENT

53. ELEVATED TSH :
CAUSED BY :
IODIDE DEFICIENCY
IODIDE EXESS
IODIDE TRANSPORT DEFECT
IODINATION DEFEXT
COUPLING DEFECT
DEIODINASI DEFICIENCY
PRODUCTION OF ABNORMAL IODINATION PROTEIN

54. GOITER

55. ADRENAL HORMONE
MEDULA H. KATEKOLAMIN
ADRENAL
MINERALO-
GLAND 1. ZONA GLOMERULOSA
CORTICOID H.
CORTEX 2. ZONA FASICULATA
-HGLUCOCOR-
3. ZONA RETICULARIS TICOID H.
-ANDROGEN H.
CORTEX ADRENALIS
CORTICOSTEROID H. : 1. GLUCOCORTIKCOID
2. MINERALOCORTIKCOID
3. ANDROGEN ( SEX HORMON E) 55

56. CORE OF STEROID  SIKLO PENTANO PERHIDRO PENENTREN
( 17 ATOM C )
12 17
11 13 16
C D
1 9 14 15 21 C C C C
2 10 8 20 C OHC C
OH
3 A 5 B 7 18
C
4 6
CH2 19
C=O
CHOLESTEROL
HO
HO
56
PREGNENOLON

57. BIOSINTESIS H. STEROID
KOLESTEROL
17-HIDROKSI DEHIDROEPIANDRO
PREGNENOLON
PREGNENOLON STERON ( DHEA )
3β-HIDROKSI STEROID DEHIDROGENASE : ∆5,4 ISOMERASE
POGESTERON 17-HIDROKSI PROGESTERON ∆4ANDROSTENE-
3,17-DION
21 - HIDROKSILASE
11-DEOKSIKORTI- TESTOSTERON
11-DEOKSIKORTISOL
KOSTERON ( DOC )
11-β-HIDROKSILASE
17-α-ESTRADIOL
KORTIKOSTERON KORTISOL
18-HIDROKSILASE-18-HIDROKSI
DEHIDROGENASE
57
ALDOSTERON

59. HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR
REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION
ALTERRED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
METABOLIC PROCESSES
GLUCONEOGENESIS
NATRIUM KALIUM BALANCE

60. GLUCOCORTICOID : CORTISOL

62. SECRETION OF CORTISOL : DIURNAL RHYTHM BY ACTH STIMULATION
HIGH : AM, SHORTLY AFTER AWAKENING
LOWEST : LATE AFTERNOON,
EARLY EVENING
PLASMA TRANSPORT : TRANSCORTIN / CBG (CORTICOSTEROID BINDING
GLOBULIN)
EXCRETION : 70% URINE, 20% FECES, 10% SKIN

63. GLUCOCORTICOID ACTION :
1. INCREASE GLUCOSE PRODUCTION {GLUCONEOGENESIS)
2. INCREASE GLYCOGEN DEPOSITION
3. PROMOTE LYPOLYSIS
4. PROMOTE PROTEIN AND RNA METABOLISM
5. SUPPRESS IMMUNE RESPONS
6. SUPPRESS INFLAMATORY RESPONS
7. MAINTENANCE BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
8. MAINTENANCE WATER AND ELECTROLITE BALANCE
9. RESPONS TO STRESS

64. GLUCOCORTICOID INSUFFICIENCY :
PRIMER : ADDISON’S DESEASE
HYPOGLYCEMIA, STRESS INTOLERANCE, ANOREXIA, WEIGHT LOSS,
NAUSEA , WEAKNESS, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE,
LOW GROMELURAL FILTRATION RATE, LOW PLASMA NATRIUM, HIGH
PLASMA KALIUM, LYPHOCYTE AND EOSINOPHIL INCREASE
HYPERPIGMENTATION (ACTH INCREASE POMC INCREASE)
SECONDARY : DECREASE ACTH (TUMOR INFARCTION OR INFECTION)
GLUCOCORTICOID EXCESS :
CUHSHING SYNDROME
HYPERGLYCEMIA, PROTEIN CATABOLISM, THINNING SKIN, MUSCLE
WASTING, OSTOPOROSIS, FULL MOON FACE, EDEMA , HYPERTENSION,
INFECTION

65. MINERALOCORTICOID : ALDOSTERONE

66. MINERALOCORTICOID : ALDOSTERONE
SECRETION : INDUCED BY ANGIOTENSIN, POTASIUM, ACTH , SODIUM
WEAK BINDING WITH ALBUMIN
EXCRESSION : CLEARANCE BY LIVER, EXCRETED IN THE URINE
ACTION
Na RETENTION, K, H, NH4 SECRETION
MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS
PRIMERY :
CONN’S SYNDROME
HYPRTENSION, HYPOKALEMIA, HYPERNATREMIA, ALKALOSIS
SECONDARY

67. MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS
PRIMERY :
CONN’S SYNDROME
HYPRTENSION, HYPOKALEMIA, HYPERNATREMIA, ALKALOSIS
SECONDARY

68. ANDROGEN
ANDROGEN : DHEA (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE),
ANDROSTENEDIONE, TESTOSTERONE

69. HORMONES OF
ADRENAL MEDULA

70. CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA PRODUCE CATECHOLAMINES:
DOPAMINE, EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE
IMPORTANT FOR STRESS RESPONS
AFFECTED ORGANS: BRAIN, MUSCLE, CARDIOPULMONARY, LIVER
SKIN , GI TRACT, LYMPHOID

71. CATECHOLAMINES
BIOSYNTHESIS
PNMT : phenylethanolamine
N-methyltransferase

72. LANGERHANS  α CELL : GLUCAGON HORMONE
 β CELL : INSULIN HORMONE
INSULIN HORMONE
INSULIN STRUCTURE IS PROTEIN, THAT IS CONSIST OF α –
POLIPEPTIDE AND β = POLIPEPTIDAE , HAVE TWO DIPEPTIDE BOND
and ONE DISULFIDE BOND IN THE α = PO LIPEPTIDE
72