The need for constant renewable supply of electricity to effect the pumping of water at low cost brings about the use of solar energy. The use of photovoltaic pumping system in Funaab community will tackle some of the problems such as the steady increase in the price of fuel and the high maintenance associated with the many systems of pumping water that are currently used including engine powered pump. The objective of this project was Design, Installation and Performance evaluation of photovoltaic pumping system in FUNAAB community. The water demand for the site was determined, and the daily solar insolation data was obtained using ‘Meteonorm’ software. The Component parameters for the PV pumping system were then designed include the pump flow rate and the hydraulic power, the hydraulic head, power rating of the PV module, orientation and direction of the PV module. Experiments to acquire a relationships between Photo-voltaic pump system outputs and solar-radiation intensity at different times during the day were carried out to determine periods of maximum pumping efficiency. The maximum discharge logged 0.162m^3/h between 11AM to 2PM at PV power output of 727.5W/m^2 when a 300W solar module was connected to a DC pump discharging at 24.5 m water head. The system operated approximately 8 hours in the month of October. The linear relationships of solar radiation values (W/m2) with both pump discharge (m3/h) and DC motor power consumption (Watt) result showed that y = 0.0002x + 0.0385 and y = 0.0317x + 19.359. Although the initial cost to set up a PV pumping system is high, but with the little cost of maintenance over the years, it is revealed that PV based water pumping system is suitable and feasible option for domestic use and farm irrigation systems in Funaab community.

1. DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEMS
IN FUNAAB COMMUNITY
BY
AKINWONMI REMILEKUN AYO
MATRIC NUMBER: 20120981
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MARCH, 2018

2. i
DECLARATION
I declare that this project on “DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEMS IN FUNAAB
COMMUNITY” is an original work done by AKINWONMI, REMILEKUN AYO under the
supervision of DR. ODESOLA, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of
Agriculture, Abeokuta.

3. ii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that AKINWONMI, REMILEKUN AYO with matriculation number 20120981
carried out this research work titled DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEMS IN FUNAAB
COMMUNITY, under my supervision. I have examined and found it acceptable for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering.
DR. I.F ODESOLA …………………………..
(PROJECT SUPERVISOR) (Signature and Date)
PROF. O.J ALAMU ……………………………
(EXTERNAL EXAMINER) (Signature and Date)
DR. O.R ADETUNJI …..……………………
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) (Signature and Date)

4. iii
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to God Almighty who has been my tutor, support, guardian and source
of knowledge through the journey of completing this research. I also dedicate this research work
to my loving Mother, Prof. Omolade Akinsanya, for educating me and giving me the chance to
realize the importance of education and that nothing in this life is impossible if much effort is put
in it.

5. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible without the participation and
assistance of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are
sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. However, I would like to express deep
appreciation and indebtedness particularly to the following.
My supervisor, Dr. Odesola, whose counsel led to the success of the undertaking. Sir, I really
appreciate your kind and understanding nature. May God continue to enrich your world. Also, I
will like to thank and Dr Jacob Ayanda of Physics department at Tai Solarin University of
Education and Dr. Bunmi Ige, for their guidance, your contributions towards my project is of great
significance which I will never forget.
A friend in need, they say is a friend indeed. This research would not have seen the light of the
day without the daily aid of my friends; Aghwadoma, Enameguono, Ahmed Mansur Taiwo, and
Oyewo Ibukun. You guys have been more than friends to me.
Above all, to the Great Almighty, the author of knowledge and wisdom, for his countless love.
To all those who contributed, my deepest gratitude.

6. v
ABSTRACT
The need for constant renewable supply of electricity to effect the pumping of water at low cost
brings about the use of solar energy. The use of photovoltaic pumping system in Funaab
community will tackle some of the problems such as the steady increase in the price of fuel and
the high maintenance associated with the many systems of pumping water that are currently used
including engine powered pump. The objective of this project was Design, Installation and
Performance evaluation of photovoltaic pumping system in FUNAAB community.
The water demand for the site was determined, and the daily solar insolation data was obtained
using ‘Meteonorm’ software. The Component parameters for the PV pumping system were then
designed include the pump flow rate and the hydraulic power, the hydraulic head, power rating of
the PV module, orientation and direction of the PV module. Experiments to acquire a relationships
between Photo-voltaic pump system outputs and solar-radiation intensity at different times during
the day were carried out to determine periods of maximum pumping efficiency.
The maximum discharge logged 0.162𝑚3
/h between 11AM to 2PM at PV power output of
727.5𝑊/𝑚2
when a 300W solar module was connected to a DC pump discharging at 24.5 m water
head. The system operated approximately 8 hours in the month of October. The linear relationships
of solar radiation values (W/m2) with both pump discharge (m3/h) and DC motor power
consumption (Watt) result showed that y = 0.0002x + 0.0385 and y = 0.0317x + 19.359.
Although the initial cost to set up a PV pumping system is high, but with the little cost of
maintenance over the years, it is revealed that PV based water pumping system is suitable and
feasible option for domestic use and farm irrigation systems in Funaab community.
Keyword: PV module, DC pump, power consumption, solar insolation, pump discharge.
Word count: 294 words

7. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ..............................................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATION ...........................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF SYMBOLS .......................................................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................xii
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................xii
LIST OF PLATES .........................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................. 3
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................. 3
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.................................................................................... 3
1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................... 3
1.5 ORGANISATION OF STUDY ....................................................................................... 4

8. vii
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 6
2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 6
2.2 REVIEW ON PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING TECHNOLOGY ..................... 7
2.2.1 CURRENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY ................................................................ 7
2.2.2 PRINCIPLE OF A SOLAR WATER PUMP ........................................................... 9
2.2.3 PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS ........................ 12
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW OF PV WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS ............................. 16
2.3.1 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF A SOLAR PUMP.................................... 16
2.3.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS RESEARCH REVIEW ........................................ 18
2.3.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PV WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS BASED
ON GEOGRAPHICAL/CLIMATIC CONDITIONS............................................................ 21
2.3.4 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF PV WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS ... 22
2.4 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE OF PV PUMPING SYSTEMS
24
2.5 VIABILITY OF PV PUMPING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY ....................................... 25
2.6 CONTRIBUTIONS AND RESULTS............................................................................ 27
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 29
SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLODY ............................................................................. 29
3.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 29

9. viii
3.2 DESIGN OF THE PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEM ..................................... 30
3.3 DESIGN CRITERIA...................................................................................................... 30
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL SITE DESCRIPTION..................................................................... 30
3.5 WATER DEMAND DESIGN ....................................................................................... 31
3.6 THE HARDWARE UNIT ............................................................................................. 32
3.6.1 Water Storage Design ............................................................................................. 32
3.6.2 Pump Design........................................................................................................... 32
3.6.3 Sizing of P-V Panel................................................................................................. 35
3.6.4 Orientation and Direction of the PV Array............................................................. 36
3.7 MATERIALS................................................................................................................. 37
3.8 INSTALLATION PRCOCESS...................................................................................... 38
MOUNTING FRAME CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................. 38
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 43
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 43
4.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 43
4.2 TESTING PROCEDURE .............................................................................................. 43
4.3 RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 51
SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS............................................................................................ 51
5.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 51

10. ix
5.2 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 51
5.3 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 52
5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK ................................................................... 53
REFRENCES................................................................................................................................ 54

11. x
LIST OF SYMBOLS
𝑃𝑖 Input power in W
𝐼𝑠 Solar radiation in W/m2
𝐴 𝑐 Effective module cell area in m2
𝑃𝑜 Photovoltaic array output power in W
V D.C. output voltage in Voltage (V)
I D.C. output operating current in A
𝑃ℎ Hydraulic power output of the pump in W
Ρ Water density in kg/m3
Q Water discharge m3
/s
H Total pumping head in m
𝐸 𝑎 Array efficiency
𝐸 𝑠 Subsystem efficiency
𝐸 𝑜 Overall efficiency
DC Direct current
PV Photo-Voltaic
𝐼𝐿 Light generated current
𝐼𝑜 Diode reverse saturation current
Q charge on electron

12. xi
K Boltzmann constant
𝑇𝑐 Cell temperature
𝑅 𝑠 Series resistance
𝑅 𝑠ℎ Shunt resistance

13. xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Block diagram of a direct coupled PV DC water pumping system………....13
Figure 2 - Block diagram of a PV AC water pumping system…………………..…….13
Figure 3 - Block diagram of a PV water pumping system with battery storage..…...….14
Figure 4 - System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)…………………………………...29
Figure 5 - Pipe Friction Loss Chart…………………………………………………..…34
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - Average solar radiation for each month of the year……………………………36
Table 2 - Materials for installation of PV pumping system……………………………....37
Table 3 - Table of Results………………………………………………………………...45
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 (a) - The mounting rod in the concrete hole………………………………………..38
Plate 1 (b) - The Mounting frame attached to the rod……………………………………...38
Plate 2 - Installed solar panel…………………………………………………………...39

14. xiii
Plate 3 (a) - Installed PWM charge controller……………………………………………...40
Plate 3 (b) - Installed Switch box…………………………………………………………..40
Plate 3 (c) - Installed Battery……………………………………………………………….40
Plate 4: - The pump installation………………………………………………………….41
Plate 5: - Flow Meter Installation………………………………….…………………….42
Plate 6: - Final installation of the PV pumping system………………………………….42
Plate 7: - Pumping in progress………………………………………………………...…44

15. 1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Like most other communities in Nigeria, the energy situation in FUNAAB community is extremely
critical, so the electricity generation from alternative sources has become a much focused need.
FUNAAB community is blessed with renewable energy resources and the availability of
alternative energy creates opportunities for utilization in power sector. Among different renewable
energy sources like solar, wind, biomass and others, the abundant availability of solar energy
makes it the most promising one for FUNAAB community. Funaab community is located in Ogun
State at the state capital Abeokuta 7°9′39″N 3°20′54″E Nigeria which is an ideal location for
abundant solar radiation.
Also, FUNAAB community receives an average solar radiation of about 4.5kWh/m2/day
(16.2MJ/m2/day). The utilization of photovoltaics system for water pumping is appropriate as there
is often natural relationship between the availability of solar energy and the water requirement.
The water requirement increases during hot weather periods when the solar radiation levels are
highest and the output of the solar array is at a maximum. Photovoltaic water pumping systems
are particularly suitable for water supplies to the irrigation system used in FUNAAB farm lands,
and also for other domestic uses. Therefore renewable solar energy based off grid electrification
can be an alternate option for providing electricity in FUNAAB community where no reliable
constant electricity supply is available.

16. 2
Given an average solar radiation level of about 4.5kWh (m2 per day) and the prevailing
efficiencies of commercial solar-electric generators, then if solar collectors or modules were used
to cover 1% of FUNAAB’s land area of 100km2, it is possible to generate 1850x103GWh of solar
electricity per year, which is over one hundred times the current grid electricity consumption level
in the country.
Though the installation cost of solar powered pumping system is more than that of gas,
diesel, or propane-powered generator based pumping system but it requires far less maintenance
cost. However by comparing installation costs (including labor), fuel costs and maintenance costs
over 10 years with other conventional fuel based pumping system, the solar PV water pumping
system can be a suitable alternate option. This system has the added advantage of storing water for
use when the sun is not shining, eliminating the need for battery, simplicity and reducing overall
system costs.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There are many systems of pumping water that are currently used in Funaab community including
engine driven pump, grid powered pump, and generator driven pump. However, there are
inconveniences associated with these systems as follows:
1. Due to the steady increase in the price of fuel for the past few years, most of these
systems have become expensive leading to an increase in the cost of powering
engine/generator driven pumps
2. Most of the engine systems require high maintenance since they have many moving
parts.

17. 3
3. There is low grid power coverage in the country; therefore grid powered pump cannot
be used. To overcome the inconveniences, there is a need to design and construct a
solar powered water pumping system.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
This project will focus on the Design, Installation and Performance Evaluation of a photovoltaic
pumping system in FUNAAB community.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the project would be to:
1. Design and install a photo-voltaic water pumping system for FUNAAB community.
2. Conduct a performance evaluation of the photo-voltaic pumping system to determine if the
system would be economically feasible in areas where there are high demands for water.
1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The project will adopt the following components while implementing the methodology to achieve
the expected results: 1. Site visit and case study 2. Collection of information and project design 3.
Test and evaluation.
1. Site visit and case study

18. 4
The proposed project site would be the College of Engineering building. The site would be visited
and study of their existing pumping technique and problems faced would be done. Data and
information would be collected about the problems faced at the site.
2. Collection of information and project design
Information and data relevant to the project design and implementation would be collected and
studied. Sources would include resources of print, internet researches, and literatures relating to
the project etc.
Market information would also be sought about the equipment and instruments to be used as
regarding price, rating, availability, functions, performance, alternatives etc.
3. Test and evaluation
After collection of data and practical implementation are carried out, tests and experiments would
be conducted to evaluate the performance of the photo-voltaic pumping system. Experiments to
acquire a relationships between Photo-voltaic pump system outputs and solar-radiation intensity
at different times during the day would be carried out to determine periods of maximum pumping
efficiency.
1.5 ORGANISATION OF STUDY
This project work contains five chapters. Chapter one contains the introduction to the project.
Chapter two contains the literature review of the study. This chapter gives a brief insight on the
past works on photo-voltaic pumping systems. Chapter three is made up of the research

19. 5
methodology. Chapter four discusses the results generated in the implementation of chapter three.
Chapter five concludes the project.

20. 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Most means of water pumping are dependent on conventional electricity or engine driven
generated electricity. The use of engine driven (diesel or propane based) water pumping systems
require not only expensive fuels, but also create noise and air pollution. The overall upfront cost,
operation and maintenance cost, and replacement of an engine driven pump are 2–4 times higher
than a solar photo-voltaic (PV) pump. Solar pumping systems are environment friendly and require
low maintenance with no fuel cost (Foster et el., 2014). Solar PV can provide cost effectively at
least some proportion of energy needs. Benefits to implementing solar as a source of power for
pumping include:
a. Reduced bills for mains electricity and diesel
b. Reduced connection and infrastructure costs when new power lines and poles can be
avoided if fully replacing mains electricity.
c. No noise, fumes or fueling runs if replacing engine driven
d. Scalable – additional panels can be added to increase output
e. Low maintenance. Aside from tracking systems, traditional solar generators have no
moving parts and are generally very reliable.
f. Protection from rising energy costs. Sunshine is free so generating energy on farm reduces
exposure to rising electricity and diesel prices. (NSW Farmers, 2015)

21. 7
Keeping in view the shortage of grid electricity in rural and remote areas in most parts of world,
PV pumping is one of the most promising applications of solar energy. The technology is similar
to any other conventional water pumping system except that the power source is solar energy. PV
water pumping is gaining importance in recent years due to non-availability of electricity and
increase in fuel prices. The flow rate of pumped water is dependent on incident solar radiation and
size of PV array. A properly designed PV system results in significant long-term cost savings as
compared to conventional pumping systems. In addition, tanks can be used for water storage in
place of requirement of batteries for electricity storage (Rohit et el., 2013).
In this study, a review of current state of research and utilization of solar water pumping
technology is presented. The study focuses on recent advancement of the PV pump technology,
performance evaluation and performance improvement of PV systems, economic and
environmental aspects, and viability of PV water pumping systems in community water supplies
in rural and urban regions.
2.2 REVIEW ON PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING
TECHNOLOGY
2.2.1 CURRENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY
A PV water pumping system is consisted of:
a. PV array,
b. A DC/AC surface mounted/submersible/floating motor pump set
c. Electronics (“On/Off switch”, charge controller, battery)
d. Water storage

22. 8
The PV Array is mounted on a suitable structure with a provision of manual or automatic
tracking. Water is pumped during day and stored in tanks, for use during day time, night or
under cloudy conditions. The water tank acts as storage and generally battery is not used for
storage of PV electricity; however, for specific reliable requirements it can be used (Raghav et
el., 2013).
Direct coupled DC solar pumping was first introduced in the field in the late 1970s. Earlier PV
water pumping systems have limitations of overall performance of the system due to lack of
proper design. Since then, manufacturers have refined their products to improve the
performance and reliability. The steady fall in prices of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels have
resulted in making solar pumping economically viable for an increasingly wide range of
applications. Direct coupled DC solar pumps are simple and reliable (Kou et el., 1998) but
cannot operate at maximum power point of PV generator as the solar radiation varies during
the day from morning till evening. However, adding a maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
and controls/protections improve the performance of a PV pump. The second generation PV
pumping systems use positive displacement pumps, progressing cavity pumps or diaphragm
pumps, generally characterized by low PV input power requirements, low capital cost and high
hydraulic efficiencies of even 70% (Protoger and Pearce, 2000). The current solar pumping
technology uses electronic systems which have further increased the output power,
performance of the system and overall efficiency of the system. The controller provides inputs
for monitoring storage tank levels, controlling the pump speed and uses maximum power point
tracking technology to optimize the water. For the past 15 years significant improvement has
been done in helical motor pumps (positive displacement pumps) which are submersible and
last for many years and are powered by similar motors as used for centrifugal pumps.

23. 9
Advancement has been in the field of controllers for large size PV arrays in the order of 25 kW
with 100 kW controllers expected to be developed in near future (Foster Robert, 2014). The
steady increase in cost of diesel and petrol prices over the years and decrease in PV system
costs make PV pumping attractive from financial perspective also.
2.2.2 PRINCIPLE OF A SOLAR WATER PUMP
Solar water pumping is based on PV technology that converts sunlight into electricity to pump
water. The PV panels are connected to a motor (DC or AC) which converts electrical energy
supplied by the PV panel into mechanical energy which is converted to hydraulic energy by
the pump. The capacity of a solar pumping system to pump water is a function of three main
variables: pressure, flow, and power to the pump. For design purposes pressure can be regarded
as the work done by a pump to lift a certain amount of water up to the storage tank. The
elevation difference between the water source and storage tank determines the work, a pump
has to do. The water pump will draw a certain power which a PV array needs to supply (S.S.
Chandela et el., 2015).
PV GENERATOR
PV generator of a solar pump consists of PV modules connected in series and parallel
combination into direct electricity. At a given illumination the current–voltage relation for a
solar cell single diode model is given by

24. 10
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼 𝑂 {𝑒
(
𝑞
𝑎𝐾𝑇 𝑐
( 𝑉+𝐼𝑅 𝑠))
− 1} −
𝑉+𝐼𝑅 𝑠
𝑅 𝑠ℎ
...Equation 2.1
where 𝐼𝐿 is light generated current, 𝐼𝑜 is the diode reverse saturation current, a is the ideality
factor which varies from 1 to 5 and indicates solar cell characteristics deviation from ideal
behavior, q is the charge on electron, k is the Boltzmann constant, 𝑇𝑐 is the cell temperature,𝑅 𝑠
is the series resistance and 𝑅 𝑠ℎis the shunt resistance;𝑅 𝑠ℎ has large value and 𝑅 𝑠 is small so it
can be neglected in the analysis.
A pump will only require a certain power to produce a certain amount of pressure and flow.
Therefore the PV array size has to be optimized for the required amount of power. A higher
capacity PV generator will allow the pump to start earlier and operate for longer period during
the day under low insolation conditions. However, adding more PV panels than actually
required will add to the cost. The large panel surface area also acts as a linear current booster,
as such a separate linear current booster may not be required (S.S. Chandela et el., 2015).
TYPES OF PV WATER PUMPS
Different types of PV pumps are available for water delivering (DC and AC pumps). DC
pumps are classified either displacement or centrifugal (Eker, 2005). Solar pumps are
classified into three types according to their applications: submersible, surface, and floating
water pumps. A submersible pump draws water from deep wells, and a surface pump draws
water from shallow wells, springs, ponds, rivers or tanks, and a floating water pump draws

25. 11
water from reservoirs with adjusting height ability. The motor and pump are built in
together in submersible and floating systems. In the surface system, pump and motor can
be selected separately to study the performance of system along with controller and PV
panel. A pump produces a unique combination of flow and pressure i.e. high-flow/low-
head to low-flow/high-head for a given power input. Whatever the type of pump to be used,
the capacity of pump need to be matched to the available head and needed discharge (flow
rate).
DC water pumps in general use one-third to one-half the energy of conventional AC
(alternating current) pumps. DC pumps are classed as either displacement or centrifugal,
and can be either submersible or surface types.
 Displacement pumps: Use diaphragms, vanes or pistons to seal water in a chamber
and force it through a discharge outlet.
 Centrifugal pumps: Use a spinning impeller that adds energy to the water and
pushes into the system, similar to a water wheel.
 Submersible pumps: Placed down a well or sump, are highly reliable because they
are not exposed to freezing temperatures, do not need special protection from the
elements, and do not require priming.
Surface pumps, located at or near the water surface, are used primarily for moving water
through a pipeline. Some surface pumps can develop high heads and are suitable for
moving water long distances or to high elevations.
WATER SUPPLY SOURCE

26. 12
Water supply source can be a pond, stream, spring, deep drilled well or a river. Water
source must recharge faster than water pumping rate. In case pumping rate is faster than
recharging rate of water source, the reservoir can dry which should be avoided to prevent
damage to the pump. Main variables for system design are water reservoir volume,
recharge rate and cost (S.S. Chandela et el., 2015).
2.2.3 PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
A Photo-voltaic pumping system is a combination of different components connected
together to fulfill the water requirement. The power from sun converted by PV module is
transferred to the pump which in turn deliver water to where it is needed. The main
components of the system are PV array, energy storage, and motor-pump unit. Depending
on storage mode adopted, the system can either use a tank to store water or battery to store
energy in form of chemical energy. Both methods have the same purpose of storing energy
for using it when sun is not available. Environmental conditions in which the PV system is
installed and its configuration, are two factors affecting the performance and efficiency of
the system (Basalike, 2015). The various types of configurations of DC and AC solar water
pumping systems being used are shown below.

27. 13
Fig. 1. Block diagram of a direct coupled PV DC water pumping system.
Fig. 2. Block diagram of a PV AC water pumping system.

28. 14
Fig. 3. Block diagram of a PV water pumping system with battery storage.
The various configuration types shown above proves that the setup of a PV pumping system can
be very flexible. The choice of setup for this project would be based on the following factors:
1. Low initial cost
2. Minimum maintenance
3. Adequate performance
4. Available materials
5. Local technology: The PV powered pump should be manufactured using local technology in
order for it to be cheap, quick to make or assemble, and easy to maintain without the need of a
high technological base.
6. Socially acceptable: The pump should be socially acceptable with its users with regard to risks
involved, potential hazards, size, weight etc.
7. The PV system must be environmentally friendly for its lifetime operation.

29. 15
8. The PV system should be self-operation (Kishta et el., 2002).
The most efficient use of solar energy is when the panels are directly connected to the load as in
the first and second case. In fact, the success of water pumping lies partly with the elimination of
the intermediate phase, namely the battery bank, for energy storage (Vishwa Nath Maurya et el.,
2015). With a direct connection between the PV array and the pump, water can be pumped during
sunlight hours. The most efficient form of direct-connect systems is when the water is being
pumped to an elevated storage tank, thus the electrical energy from the panels is converted to
potential energy of the elevated water, to be used on demand, often by gravity. The overall
efficiency, from sunlight to water flow, has been recorded to exceed 3%.
According to Vishwa Nath Maurya et al., most PV pumping systems do not use batteries – the PV
modules power the pump directly. Without batteries, the PV pumping system is very simple. It
consists of just three components: the solar array, a pump controller and the pump. The only
moving part is the pump. Most solar modules are warranted to produce for 20-25 years. Pump life
can vary from 5 - 10+ years (and many are designed to be repaired in the field). Unless the pump
or controller fails, the only maintenance normally required is cleaning the solar modules every 2-
4 weeks. This task obviously can be done cheaply by nonskilled local labor.
The costs of pump-motor depend on the amount of water required and head to which water is to
be pumped. The first PV pumping configuration seem to be the least expensive due to the fact that
only a DC motor pump that would be connected directly to the PV array as compared to the second
configuration where an inverter (to convert the DC to AC) is needed with the AC pump motor. A
DC pump (DC motor and centrifugal pump) are required, because of their ability to be matched to
the output of the solar panels.

30. 16
The first configuration system is economical, reliable, portable, and compact.
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW OF PV WATER PUMPING
SYSTEMS
Photovoltaic (PV) power is cost-competitive in comparison to traditional energy sources
for small-scale water pumping requirements. With the continuous increase in fossil fuel cost and
reduction in peak watt cost of solar cells due to mass production, photovoltaic power is to become
further economical in future (Eker, 2005). PV powered water pumping systems have become
attractive for livestock and agriculture applications in remote locations with limited access to
conventional electricity (NMSU, 2014). A number of studies have been carried out on performance
evaluation, optimization, sizing techniques, efficiency improvement, and factors affecting system
performance, economic and environmental aspects of PV pumping systems.
2.3.1 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF A SOLAR PUMP
The performance of solar pump depends on the water requirement, size of water storage
tank, head (m) by which water has to be lifted, water to be pumped (m³), PV array virtual
energy (kWh), Energy at pump (kWh), unused PV energy (kWh), pump efficiency (%),
and system efficiency (%) and diurnal variation in pump pressure due to change in
irradiance and pressure compensation (Foster et el., 2014). The efficiency of PV technology
used in PV generator has also a great influence on the performance. The performance of
solar water pumping system depends on the following parameters:
 Solar radiation availability at the location;

31. 17
 Total Dynamic Head (TDH): Sum of suction head (height from suction
point till pump), discharge head (height from pump to storage inlet) and
frictional losses;
 Flow rate of water;
 Total quantity of water requirement; and
 Hydraulic energy: potential energy required in raising the water to discharge
level.
Hydraulic energy 𝐸ℎ (kWh/d) required per day to supply a volume V of water (m3) at TDH
is given by :
Eh = ρ × g × V × TDC …Equation 2.2
Where ρ is the water density, g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2), TDH is the
total dynamic head (m) is sum of static head (m) and friction losses (m).
OR
Maximum required power (Watt) =
𝑄 𝑚𝑎𝑥× 𝜌 × 𝑔 × ℎ
𝜂 𝑡
...Equation 2.3
Where 𝑄 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum flow delivered (m3/ s)
h = static head (m)
ρ = water density (kg/m3)
g = gravity (m/s2)
𝜂𝑡 = Total system efficiency at maximum flow (%) [11]

32. 18
Solar photovoltaic array power 𝑃 𝑃𝑉 required is given by
𝑃 𝑃𝑉=
𝐸 𝑊
𝐼 𝑇 ×𝐹 × 𝜂 𝑀𝑃
…Equation 2.4
Where IT is the average daily solar irradiation (kWh/m2day) incident on the plane of array,
F is the array mismatch factor, ηmp is the daily subsystem efficiency.
2.3.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS RESEARCH REVIEW
Here, performance evaluation methodologies used in various studies are reviewed to
provide further insight.
Katan et al. analyzed the performance of a solar water pumping system consisting
of a PV array, sun-tracker, a permanent-magnet (PM) DC motor, a helical rotor pump and
found that the performance of the system is enhanced when maximum power point tracker
(MPPT) and a sun-tracker are added to the system. The analysis of the PV array was carried
out using PSPICE software. Theoretical results are verified by field tests.
Mokeddem et al. investigated the performance of a directly coupled DC powered
PV water pumping system. The system operates without battery and electronic controls.
The motor-pump efficiency did not exceed 30%, which is typical for a directly-coupled
photovoltaic pumping system; yet such a system is suitable for low head irrigation in
remote areas. The efficiency of the system can be increased by selecting the size of PV
array, its orientation and motor-pump system.
Mohanlal et al. studied and analyzed the performance of a PV-powered DC (PM)
motor coupled with a centrifugal pump at different solar intensities and corresponding cell

33. 19
temperatures. The experimental results obtained are compared with calculated values, and
found that this system has a good match between the PV array and the electro-mechanical
system characteristics. The authors reported that through manual tracking i.e., changing the
orientation of PV array, three times a day to face Sun, the output obtained is 20% more as
compared to the fixed tilted PV array.
Hegazi et al. conducted experiments using direct coupled photovoltaic pumping
system. A locally assembled solar powered irrigation pump was modified to match the PV
generator variable output. Different relations were carried out in order to evaluate the
performance of the motor and the pump to meet the water needs of a certain desert area in
Egypt. The results show high relation between pumping system delivery and solar radiation
values. Hourly based average measurements for ten years (1995-2005) of solar radiation
values were linked to PVP discharge to estimate the whole year water output of the system.
Pump discharge was 7.33 m3/h at 4 meter head with 1016 W/m2 solar intensity. Pumping
system efficiency was less than 40%.
Setiawan et al. presented various stages of development of a solar water pumping
system to solve water supply problem in Purwodadi village, Gunungkidul, India. The
authors suggested two important design parameters which are: analysis of piping system
to determine the type of pump to be used and the power system planning. PV water
pumping system developed was able to lift water to 1400 m. The system uses 32 solar PV
panels to produce 3200 Wp maximum power and operates 2 submersible pumps. The flow
rate of water produced is about 0.4–0.9 l/s.

34. 20
Alawaji et al. discussed components, basic operation and performance of water
pumping and desalination in the remote areas of Saudi Arabia. The study reported that
utilization of PV energy for water pumping and desalination is reliable and cost effective.
Kaka and Gregoire studied the performance of a PV water pumping system in a
village at 30 km of Keita (Niger) to meet the water needs of 500 persons and reported that
the cost of one cubic meter of water pumped by the PV system is more advantageous than
other systems. PV water pumping is found to be well suited for arid and semi-arid areas
due to the existence of underground water potential, and large solar energy potential of
more than 6 kWh/m².
Padmavathi and Daniel analyzed various photovoltaic water pumping options and
domestic water requirements for Bangalore city in India and concluded that PV panels
ranging from 60 Wp to 500 Wp are sufficient for residential buildings in Bangalore and
suggested that government policies and regulations are required for the promotion of using
PV water pumps in urban domestic sector.
Maurya et al. developed relationships between array power and borehole depth per
capita water use, rainfall, borehole depth and capital cost of solar photovoltaic water
pumping systems in Nigeria which would lead to increased performance, reliability, cost-
effectiveness and adoption of the technology. Biji proposed modeling of maximum power
point trackers (MPPTs) with control system for PV water pumping systems by selecting
the converter-chopping ratio of MPPT using artificial neural network (ANN). The models
integrated by a MATLAB simulation program show increased power output by the system.

35. 21
2.3.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PV WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS BASED ON
GEOGRAPHICAL/CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Mohammed Yaichi et al, (2016) evaluated an actual operating PV pumping system
data in the Algeria’s Sahara city of Adrar. Average performance ratio for the PV array
during seven months was found 81.5%. Higher temperature caused more loss in summer
and colder temperature resulted less loss in winter. The solar irradiation in winter was
relatively smaller than in summer, but the PV arrays provides same average energy output
in two seasons. This means that the positive effect of the increase in the number of peak
sun hours in summer is compensated by the negative effect of the decrease average PR for
the PV array.
A study conducted in Ethiopia by Misrak Girma, et al, (2015) which has huge
potential for solar energy because it is located near the equator with an average daily solar
radiation of 5.25 kWh/m2 shows the feasibility of the solar photovoltaic water pumping
system has been investigated for three selected sites in Ethiopia. The designed system is
capable of providing a daily average of 10.5, 7 and 6.5 m3/day for rural communities in the
three selected sites respectively, with average daily water consumption of 15 liters per day
per person. And the cost of water, without any subsidy, are approximately 0.10, 0.14 and
0.16 $/m3 for the three selected sites respectively. If a 20% subsidy is considered during
simulation, the cost of water would reduce to 0.09, 0.13 and 0.15 $/m3, respectively
compared to Diesel generator, providing daily average water 10.5, 7.0 and 6.5 m3/day for
the rural communities in the three selected sites, with average daily water consumption of
15 liters per person, the cost of pumping water, without any subsidy, are approximately
0.2, 0.23 and 0.27 $/m3 for the respective sites.

36. 22
In Arid and semi-arid regions the use of solar energy, particularly photovoltaic
energy, for water pumping is well suited and has been found to be very efficient and
integral to the development of countries in these regions especially in Africa. In a study
conducted in Niger by Saïdou et al, (2013) it clearly shows the advantage of photovoltaic
pumping system compared to conventional energy one which has many constraints of
distance to the power grid, of transportation and increasing price of fuel, and of periodic
maintenance of the engines, largely due to the existence in this region of an underground
water potential, and a large solar energy potential of more than 6 kWh/m2. In this case,
photovoltaic generators are coupled directly to the pump with a DC/AC converter, storing
water in the tanks, avoids additional costs accumulator used to store electrical energy.
Solar water pumps are a cost-effective and dependable method for providing water
in situations where water resources are spread over long distances, and fuel and
maintenance costs are considerable. Solar pumps can work for most locations and are at
full capacity when needed most: during warm, sunny days. In temperate regions, they can
be used year-round—which can be particularly helpful for potable water, agricultural use.
For many sites, a solar pump is often the best option for reducing cost.
2.3.4 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF PV WATER PUMPING
SYSTEMS
Abdolzadeh et al, (2011) investigated the effects of spraying water over the
photovoltaic modules of P-V water pumping system performance under different operating
conditions. The performance of a P-V water pumping systems with two and three
photovoltaic modules of 225 W each is studied by spraying water in parallel. It is found

37. 23
that due to a high module temperature, the module performance decreases and system
performance also decreases. Spraying water on the PV modules decreases the module
temperature and increases the module performance; in turn the pump flow rate increases
considerably when the modules are cooled.
Azadeh, (2010) studied how increase in solar cell temperature of PV array and
system head affect the performance of a PV pumping system installed in Kerman city, Iran.
Authors provided water by a pump for cooling PV modules by covering the array surface
with a thin film of water. Results reported that decrease in array nominal power and
increase in system head increased the power generated by the array. Using this method
results in reducing system costs as it can provide required power with lower array nominal
power.
Abdolzadeh and Ameri, (2009) investigated the possibility of improving the
performance of a photovoltaic water pumping system, by spraying water over the PV
modules. The results show that spraying of water can achieve 12.5% mean PV efficiency.
The mean flow rate at 16 m head on the test day was about 479 l/h in case of a system
without water spray over PV modules whereas it reached 644 l/h for the system sprayed
with water. Spraying of water on the photovoltaic modules leads to cooling of modules
therefore improves the system and subsystem efficiencies.
Ziyad and Dagher, (1990) presented a technique to improve the performance of a
photovoltaic water pumping system by coupling a PV powered permanent magnet DC
motor between PV array and screw-type volumetric water pump. In this method authors
used a solid state Electrical Array Reconfiguration Controller (EARC), which senses the
radiation as low, medium or high. Accordingly, controller chooses one desired set of I–V

38. 24
characteristics for starting and another desired set of I–V characteristics for steady state
operation. Authors report that, using this technique considerably improves the pump's
performance, particularly in the early morning, late evening and cloudy days thus providing
a wide range of irradiance level for operation and extra pumping hour.
2.4 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE OF PV
PUMPING SYSTEMS
With the non-availability/shortage of conventional electricity, cost escalation of
fuel every year and that of PV modules steadily decreasing, PV pumping systems are
becoming financially attractive as compared to electricity/fossil fuel powered pumping
systems in present times.
Odeh et al, (2006) compared the economic viability of photovoltaic and diesel water
pumping systems for different system sizes in the range 2.8–15 kWp, based on real data
and three-year operational experience of eight installations. The possibility of reducing
water unit cost by estimating demand pattern, storage tank sizing and selection of wells
with low pumping head is discussed. The study shows that mismatch between water
demand and supply pattern has a major effect on economic viability of the PV pumping
systems and thus required to be examined seriously.
Kaldellis et al, (2011) carried out detailed measurements of an experimental PV
water pumping system with a 610Wp PV generator which provides water daily to more
than 200 consumers in remote locations of Greece and reported that the system operates

39. 25
reliably with relatively low electrical losses ̴10̴% and is an environment friendly
application.
Fedrizzi et al, (2009) identified the technological and policy issues related to PV
water pumping systems for traditional communities like conception of the project,
availability of water, system configuration, estimation of water demand, technology
transfer process and project management. The authors reported that the photovoltaic
pumping systems failure occurs because issues related to the local conditions and
technology transfer methods are not being taken into account.
Meah et al, (2008) highlighted the need for using PV pumping in drought prone
states. Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and part of Texas in USA which
could use solar PV water pumping systems to supply water to livestock in remote locations
and presented the initiative of using PV pumping systems in western USA state Wyoming.
The study analyzed the performance of 75 systems in operation and showed excellent
performance and cost effectiveness besides benefit of reduction of carbon emissions.
2.5 VIABILITY OF PV PUMPING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
The viability of PV pumping systems has long been evaluated since the late1970s. One of the
earliest viability assessment programs for PV pumping systems was initiated by UNDP in 1978 in
a project given by World Bank (Barlow et el., 1993). The program known as Global Solar Pumping
Project was aimed at determining techno-commercial viability of solar pumps. In Phase-I of the
project twelve pumping systems (one solar thermodynamic and rest PV type) was field tested in
Mali, Sudan and Philippines in 1980. Three systems performed better than the rated value, two

40. 26
within 10%, and five significantly lower than the rated values. Two remaining systems failed to
operate including the thermodynamic pump. Although the results were not encouraging, the study
did demonstrate that the technology is promising provided enough research is done to improve the
systems. As a result the Phase II of the project was announced and 64 systems with improved
specifications were tested. The performance of these systems was found to be improved but still
required further research and development to improve the performance and reliability. It was found
that PV pumping systems were economically viable in countries with high sunshine, having high
diesel prices and all year round water requirements. A Handbook on Solar Water Pumping was
published by World Bank in 1984 which was further updated in 1986 and 1989-90. Similarly, a
report on PV pumps was first published by Sandia National Laboratories in 1987 (Thomas, 1987)
with subsequent revisions in subsequent years, highlighting the benefits of PV pumping systems.
A Renewable Energy Water Pumping Systems Handbook by Argaw covering renewable based
water pumping technologies was published by National Renewable Energy laboratory [NREL],
USA in 2004. (Gopal et al., 2013) in a recent review have discussed the relevance renewable
energy based pumping systems in present context. PV systems are found to be more economically
attractive as compared to diesel based pumping systems. The PV module and Balance of Systems
(BoS) costs have declined significantly now since these viability studies were done. It is apparent
that PV systems that are now available are far more reliable and cost effective than in early days.
Durin and Margeta (2014) studied the feasibility of PV generator for electric energy supply for
water pumping in urban water supply system and have shown that PV water pumping can be
effectively utilized either by using standalone PV systems or in combination with other electricity
supply systems for better reliability. PV system viability is sensitive to the amount of insolation
available and energy utilization. For example if the system's output is not fully utilized then the

41. 27
installation may not be financially attractive. In order to increase the chances of success of
photovoltaic pumping systems introduced in rural and traditional communities, Fedrizzi et el.
recommended to have the greatest possible knowledge of the receiving community’s dynamics;
also helpful is the existence of an efficient communication channel so that the main decisions can
be taken together. The knowledge of the preexisting supply system and its particularities will
facilitate, among other things:
a) Knowledge of the traditional methods of use of the water resource and the community’s
specific cultural characteristics;
b) Evaluation of the existing consumption and quantifications of future demand with the new
supply system;
c) Better configuration of the new systems, taking into account not only the technical criteria
but also the user’s needs.
PV is an attractive alternative for developing countries as abundant insolation is available and
significant rural population lives in remote areas.
2.6 CONTRIBUTIONS AND RESULTS
Contributions of the research work carried out by various authors on photo-voltaic pumping
technology are summarized in the respective sections. However, some of the important results
relating to this project include;
 Direct coupled DC solar pumps without battery storage are still low cost, simple and
reliable for domestic, and agricultural use.

42. 28
 Higher temperature caused more P-V pumping efficiency loss in hot seasons and colder
temperature resulted less loss in cold seasons, even though solar radiation in the cold
seasons is relatively smaller than during hot season, the PV arrays provides same average
energy output in the two seasons .This means that the positive effect of the increase in the
number of peak sun hours in summer is compensated by the negative effect of the decrease
average PR for the PV array.
 The performance of PV pumping system can be affected by fluctuations in the solar
irradiation, accumulation of dust on PV generator and high module temperatures. Spraying
water on the PV modules results in cleaning the dust as well as cooling of modules
improves the module efficiency and hence the water flow rate.
 Photo-voltaic pumping is suitable economically for water needs of remote communities.
However, the mismatch between water demand and supply patterns has a major effect on
economic viability of the P-V pumping, hence the careful design of photo-voltaic systems.

43. 29
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLODY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the design methodology that is being used to make the photo-voltaic
pumping system complete and functioning. The methodology based on System Development Life
Cycle (SDLC), generally involves three stages which are planning, implementing and analysis.
Fig. 4. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Planning
Data collection
Hardware requirement
Implementation
Testing point
Project implementation
Analysis
Performance analysis
Conclusion

44. 30
3.2 DESIGN OF THE PHOTO-VOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEM
The design of the Photo-voltaic pumping system is divided into two parts;
1. The water demand estimation
2. The Hardware Unit
3.3 DESIGN CRITERIA
 Low cost
 Low Pump power.
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL SITE DESCRIPTION
The location under study is the College of Engineering Building (7°N 3°E) with average solar
insolation of about 4.5Kwh/m2/day (Kuye et al). The average water demand daily is about
500liters. The water source is from a reservoir tank.
Some criteria that determined the project site includes
 A location that faces towards the south with limited shading.
 Sufficient area for the solar system elements such as the pump, tank, etc.
 The proximity of the solar panels to the pump which would help to reduce installation,
 And wiring costs.
SIZING OF THE SYSTEM: The photovoltaic panel collects the energy from the sun and
converts it to electricity that can be used by the pumping machine. The peak output wattage,
voltage, and amperage of the panels will be determined theoretically below. This system is

45. 31
designed to power the pump to store enough water to meet a demand of 1500liters per day. For
larger demands, the system is capable of pumping enough water to store to achieve the desired
amount of water.
3.5 WATER DEMAND DESIGN
The building consists an average of 30 occupants per day with an approximate water usage of 14
liters per person. Assuming increase in occupants by 25%, total number of occupants = 30×1.25
= 37.5 = 38
Therefore design population = 38 persons
The daily water demand was calculated using the formula:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑃 × 𝐷𝑃 ...Equation 3.1
Where:
Q = daily water demand (liters)
CP = per capita consumption per day
DP = design population
Substituting a daily water requirement of 30 liters of per person per day in equation above, we
have;
Q = 14 x 38 = 532liters per day = 0.53m3/day

46. 32
3.6 THE HARDWARE UNIT
The design of this unit can be further sectioned into four parts;
 The water storage design
 Pump design
 Sizing of PV panel(s)
 Orientation and direction of the P-V array
3.6.1 Water Storage Design
The purpose of the battery-less PV water pumping system is storing water instead of electrical
energy. The disadvantages of employing battery storage is requiring a complex control system,
considerably increases in the cost of implementing the system and more maintenance burden of
PV water pumping system. The water tank size will be designed to be three-times of peak water
demand (Morales & Busch, 2010).
Water storage size would be = 3×532liters = 1596liters = 1.5m3
3.6.2 Pump Design
1. Pump Flow Rate
The pump flow is estimated via dividing daily water demands by PSH. PSH represents peak sun
hours every day. Using the sunshine data from the area the peak sun hours is 4.5 hours, which is
used in the design. (Morales & Busch, 2010). The pump flow rate Q is then determined as follows:
Q=
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑤𝑑
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑆𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
...Equation 3.2

47. 33
=
532
4.5
= 118.2liters/hour = 1.97liters/minute = 0.1182 𝑚3
/h
2. Pump Total Dynamic Head
The Total Dynamic Head (TDH) for a pump is the sum of the vertical lift, pressure head, and
friction loss. Friction losses apply only to the piping between the point of intake (inlet) and the
point of storage (i.e. the storage tank). Therefore, friction losses between the storage tank and the
point of use are independent from the pump and do not need to be accounted for when sizing the
pump (Morales & Busch, 2010).
TDH = Vertical Lift + Pressure Head + Friction Losses ...Equation 3.3
Vertical lift = vertical distance between the water surface at the intake point and the water surface
at the delivery point (the tank’s water surface).
Vertical Lift = 80 ft
Pressure head = Pressure at the delivery point in the tank. There is no pressure at the delivery
point (the water surface in the tank), so:
Pressure Head = 0 ft
Friction loss is the loss of pressure due to the friction of the water as it flows through the pipe.
Friction loss is determined by four factors: the pipe size (inside diameter), the flow rate, the length
of the pipe, and the pipe’s roughness. Due to the relatively close proximity of the intake point and
the storage tank, the total friction losses in the pipeline would be minimal. As such, approximately
360 inches of
1
2
-inch diameter PVC pipe will be used to convey water from the source to the tank.
From the Table below, the friction loss for
1
2
inch pipe conveying 1.11 gpm is approximately 1.14
feet of head loss per 100 ft of pipe.

48. 34
Fig. 5. Pipe Friction Loss Chart.
Therefore, the total estimated friction loss for 30 ft of pipe is calculated below
1.14𝑓𝑡
100𝑓𝑡
× 30 ft. = 0.342 ft. friction head
Total Dynamic Head TDH = 80ft + 0ft + 0.342ft = 80.342ft / 24.5m
3. Pump Power Requirement
The hydraulic energy required of the pump can also be calculated as in below.
E=
𝜌𝑔 𝐻 𝑉
3.6×106 ...Equation 3.4
Where,
E = hydraulic energy required (kWh/day)
ρ = density of water (1000kg/m3)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81m𝑠−2
)
H = total hydraulic head (24.5m)

49. 35
V = volume of water required (1.5m3/day)
By putting above all values, equation reduces as shown below;
E=
1000𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
×9.81𝑚𝑠 −2
×24.5𝑚×1.5𝑚3
/𝑑𝑎𝑦
3.6×106 = 0.10014 kWh/day = 100.1Wh/day
3.6.3 Sizing of P-V Panel
Sizing and Selection of PV Panels
The size of panels to be used depends on the amount of power that is required (in watts) the amount
of time it operates (in hours) and the amount of energy available from the sun in a particular area.
The first two parameters are based on the project requirement, while the third depend on the
location. The size of a PV array was calculated by using the equation below
The solar array power required (kWp-kilowatt peak) =
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑟 𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚²/𝑑𝑎𝑦×𝐹×𝐸)
...Equation 3.5
Where,
F = array mismatch factor = 0 .85 on average
E = daily subsystem efficiency = 0.25 - 0.40 typically
Month Average Solar Radiation
(KWh/m2
/day)
January 5.45
February 5.64

50. 36
Table 1: Average solar radiation for each month of the year
From Table 1 it is clear that for the month of August the solar radiation was lowest therefore solar
radiation of 3.73 KWh/m2/day will be considered for optimum solar array sizing calculations.
Solar array power =
0.10014𝑘𝑊ℎ /𝑑𝑎𝑦
3.7𝐾𝑤ℎ/𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦×0.85 ×0.35
= 0.09897kW = 98.9W.
3.6.4 Orientation and Direction of the PV Array
Orientation of the PV array is one of the most important aspects of the site assessment. For any
surface the maximum available radiation is obtained when the sun's incidence is normal to the
March 5.57
April 5.27
May 5.01
June 4.49
July 3.93
August 3.73
September 4.05
October 4.65
November 5.06
December 5.30

51. 37
plane of the plate. This is approximately so at the noon of the location. In order not to be tracking
the sun every now and then it is necessary to find a fixed value of tilt that will absorb radiation
higher than that possible were the surface horizontal through the day, though not as high as when
hourly tracking of the sunrays is adopted. For optimum tilt angle, 0+10° for locations with latitude
<8.5° N. Therefore the optimum possible tilt angle for Abeokuta is approximately 17.2° (S.I Kuye
et al.). Therefore the solar PV array will be tilted at this angle with the help of Clinometer.
3.7 MATERIALS
The Table below shows a list of the materials that are intended for use for the installation of the
PV pimping system.
Materials Quantity
100W Monocrystalline solar panel
Digital Flow Meter
1
1
PWM Charge Controller 1
Battery 1
‘On/Off’ Switch 1
30m PVC pipe 0.5 inch
1500liters Storage Tank
DC water pump
1
1
1
Table 2: Materials for installation of PV pumping system

52. 38
3.8 INSTALLATION PRCOCESS
MOUNTING FRAME CONSTRUCTION
For the PV panels to stand, it is mounted on a mounting frame that holds the PV panel solid to the
ground, facing a location where it receives maximum sunlight throughout the year avoiding trees
or other obstructions that could cast shadows on the solar panel and reduce its output.
The mounting frame was constructed first by digging a 0.7 meters deep hole into the ground. The
hole was filled with concrete made of sharp sands, stones and cement to give a solid foundation
for the mounting rod in the middle of the hole. The concrete was allowed to set for two days.
Afterwards the mounting frame was attached to the rod with screws.
Plate 1. (a) The mounting rod in the concrete hole (b) The Mounting frame attached to the rod
The Solar Panel was screwed to the mounting frame

53. 39
-
Plate 2. Installed solar panel
ELECTRONICS
CONTROLLER: The charge controller for this system is a Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) rated
for a 12 volt, 30 amp power source. This fits with the battery selection previously made.
BATTERY: A 12 volt DC battery was selected for this system. This works properly for solar
arrays. The battery is heavy and stays in place so it is placed on plank without any type of fastener
above water contact. There are two extruding prongs from the top of the battery. The red colored
prong represents the positive charge connection and the black colored prong represents the
negative charge connection. The function of the battery is to be used as storage for excess charge
by the charge controller. The battery is connected to the charge controller.
WIRING: Selecting the correct size and type of wire to connect the pump to the batteries or solar
panels increases the performance and reliability of the system. The PV panel and pump sets were
kept within 100 feet of each other. All connections are made in water-tight boxes and all wires
attached to support structures with wire ties. PVC conduits are used to protect the wires anytime
they are above ground.

54. 40
The PV panel is connected directly to the PWM charge controller that was nailed to the wall. The
charge controller is connected to the battery regulator, and the output of the charge controller is
connected to a switch box which is also connected to the pump.
Plate 3: (a) Installed PWM charge controller (b) Installed Switch box
(c) Installed Battery
PUMP AND FLOW METER INSTALLATION
PUMPING SYSTEM: A 12 volts positive displacement submersible DC pump was selected to
pump water from the reservoir at a depth of 1.8m below ground surface. The pump was connected
to the ½’ PVC pipe. The PVC pipe other end connects to a digital flow meter to allow the pumped
water flow through the flow meter leaving through the PVC pipe and dumped into the tank.

55. 41
PLUMBING: The pipes used for the water transfer between the Reservoir and the tank are ½’
PVC. The lengths were measured out and cut to match the distance between the submersible pump
and the tanks. PVC elbows were used where the pipe needed to change direction between the
pump, flow meter, and the tank and also to be extended vertically to reach the storage tank. All of
the connections were glued together using PVC glue.
Plate 4: The pump installation

56. 42
-
Plate 5: Flow Meter Installation Plate 6: Final installation of the PV pumping
system

57. 43
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter measurements were performed in order to evaluate the Photovoltaic pumping
system. Correlation relationships of different parameters affecting PVP system performance and
characteristics were achieved. They shall be presented in graphs using Microsoft Excel.
4.2 TESTING PROCEDURE
There were three tests completed at the end of the installation process. The first was testing for
leaks from any of the pipes or tank. The second was testing how well the pump worked. The third
was testing if the solar panel would charge the 12 V battery.
After Installation, the charge controller was turned on and the readings on the display were
recorded. The charge controller was checked periodically to see if the battery was being charged
by the solar panel. The switch was turned on, The DC pump was used to transfer water from the
reservoir to the tank. The pump was inspected for any or problems. The voltage and current reading
of the pump ware recorded to determine the power consumption of the pump. The storage tank
was checked for any leaks. All of the pipes were checked during the entire process to make sure
all of the connections were cemented together properly.

58. 44
Plate 7. Pumping in progress
4.3 RESULTS
During the course of testing, the following parameters were recorded to evaluate the performance
of the photovoltaic pumping system and determine the pump discharge rate at every pumping hour.
Day Hour Power
Consumption,
watt
Pump
Discharge,
𝑚3
/ℎ
Solar
Radiation,
𝑤/𝑚2
Array
Efficiency,
Ea
Subsystem
Efficiency,
Es
Overall
Efficiency,
Eo
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 2.4 0 0 0
7 0 0 173.2 0 0 0
8 26.2 0.072 430.3 0.68 0.11 0.11

59. 45
9 30.8 0.094 452.2 0.68 0.17 0.15
10 34.6 0.117 552.5 0.69 0.21 0.19
11 38.4 0.126 603 0.70 0.19 0.17
12 40.2 0.147 727.5 0.71 0.18 0.16
13 41.1 0.162 688.5 0.71 0.19 0.17
14 40.4 0.152 592.3 0.70 0.17 0.15
15 39.7 0.138 501.2 0.68 0.18 0.1
16 36.2 0.122 390.2 0.66 0.15 0.13
17 28.2 0.107 285.6 0.67 0.12 0.09
18 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 3: Table of Results
Fig. 4.1 and 4.2 Represents the motor power consumption at pumping discharge rate during a
selected day in the month of October.

60. 46
Fig. 4.1: Power consumption through a selected day in the month of October.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
powerconsumption,watt
Day hour
Power
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Pumpdischarge,m3/h
Day hour
pump discharge (m3/h)

61. 47
Fig. 4.2: Pump flow rate through a selected day in the month of October.
Fig. 4.3: Hourly average radiation (derived from Meteo-Norm software) through a selected day
in the month of October
The graphical representation of solar radiation and discharge with respect to time shows that the
discharge has been increased from morning to middle of the day or noon after that discharge will
be decreasing. It clearly indicates that the peak solar radiation in October will provide sufficient
energy for maximum discharge. This discharge is higher than the prescribed 0.1182 𝑚3
/h.
Hourly solar radiation average was derived from "MeteoNorm" database for area under
investigation. Hourly solar radiation is shown in graphical Figure4.3. The highest solar radiation
727.5𝑊/𝑚2
is found at mid of day and variation in the pattern shows the absence of clear sky
condition. The sufficient radiation availability shows the sufficient running power availability for
the PV array generation which fulfil the energy requirement of submersible pump.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
SolarRadiationinW/m2
Day hour
Radiation(R), Watt/m2

62. 48
Figure 4.4: Day hour v/s efficiencies
Figure 4.4 represents time v/s array efficiency (Ea), subsystem efficiency (Es) & overall efficiency
(Eo). It shows that all efficiencies will be increased from morning time approximately 8 AM to 9
AM and it is constantly up to 5:00PM after that abruptly decreases it means system is designed for
constant efficiency and it is clear that these efficiencies are depends on the solar radiation intensity
availability or availability of solar radiation for maximum power output from the PV array.
Incident solar radiation to the PV array gives the input power (Watts) to the system given by
𝑃𝑖 = 𝐼𝑠 × 𝐴 𝑐-----------------------------(1)
The D.C. output power from the photovoltaic array is given by
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Efficiencies
Day hour
Day hour v/s Efficiencies
Es Ea Ea

63. 49
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉 × 𝐼---------------------------------(2)
The hydraulic power output of the pump
𝑃ℎ = 𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻--------------------(3)
Array efficiency (𝐸 𝑎) is the measure of how efficient the PV array is in converting sunlight to
electricity.
𝐸 𝑎 = 𝑃𝑜/𝑃𝑖------------------------------(4)
Subsystem efficiency (𝐸𝑠 ) is the efficiency of the entire system components (inverter, motor, and
pump). 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑃ℎ/𝑃𝑜------------------------------(5)
Overall efficiency (𝐸𝑜) indicates how efficiently the overall system converts solar radiation into
water delivery at a given head
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑃ℎ/𝑃𝑖------------------------------(6)
It can be written in the form of efficiencies as:
𝐸𝑜 = 𝐸 𝑎 × 𝐸𝑠 ---------------------------(7)
Linear relationships concerning solar radiation values (W/m2) with both pump discharge (m3/h)
and DC motor power consumption (Watt) were obtained using curve fitting equation (150≤R≤750)
as illustrated in Fig. (4.5, 4.6) respectively

64. 50
Fig. 4.5: Pump delivery correlated to solar radiation.
Fig. 4.6: DC motor power consumption (Watt) with different solar radiation values.
y = 0.0002x + 0.0385
R² = 0.9423
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DischargeQ,m3/h
Radiation R,W/m2
y = 0.0317x + 19.359
R² = 0.8839
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Powerconsumption,Watt
Radiation (R),W/m2

65. 51
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents summary, conclusions and recommendations based on the results in the
previous chapter.
5.2 SUMMARY
The output of a photovoltaic pumping system is dependent on good system design that is obtained
from accurate site and demand data, it is therefore essential that accurate assumptions are made
regarding water demand/pattern of use and water availability. With the use of photovoltaic
pumping system, solar energy is not always available on demand, and the daily variation in solar
power generation necessitates the storage of surplus of water pumped to be made use during
periods of unavailable solar energy, solar energy needs to be reserved in the form of either
electricity in batteries of lifted water in a storage tank. The suitability of solar power for lifting
water for domestic and irrigation uses is undeniable because of the complementary between solar
irradiance and water requirements of individuals and crop.
Water pumping has long been the most reliable and economic application of photovoltaic, or PV
systems. Most PV systems rely on battery storage for powering lights and other appliances at night
or when the sun is not shining. Most PV pumping systems do not use batteries – the PV modules
power the pump directly.

66. 52
Instead of storing energy in batteries, water is pumped into storage reservoirs for use when the sun
is not shining. Eliminating batteries from the system eliminates about 1/3 of the system cost and
most of the maintenance. Without batteries, the PV pumping system is very simple. It consists of
just three components: the solar array, a pump controller and the pump. The only moving part is
the pump. The solar modules are warranted to produce for 20-25 years. The expected life of most
controllers is 5-10 years. Pump life can vary from 5 - 10+ years (and many are designed to be
repaired or changed in the field). Unless the pump or controller fails, the only maintenance
normally required is cleaning the solar modules every few weeks. This task obviously can be done
cheaply by nonskilled local labor.
5.3 CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this study are found as follows.
 The system is economically feasible in interior areas where no electricity or it is an alternate
source of electricity.
 The initial cost is high but with the little cost of maintenance over the years, it becomes the
best option compared to other methods of water pumping system.
 It is a good alternate because the demand is in the face of solar radiation availability.
Although this study could not correctly predict the degree of sub-optimal performance of all the
sub-systems due to limitations of data acquisition methods, it highlights the critical need to operate
the PV system at its design parameters. Other than physically creating the extra head, reducing the
total array power utilized for pumping appears another plausible solution for improving the overall
system efficiency. The excess power could be diverted to some other operations. However, for any
such design change, a few aspects need careful consideration. The PV systems are designed taking

67. 53
into account the daily and mostly hourly variations in solar related parameters. The pumping
systems are designed such that water is available for maximum hours of sunshine during the day.
It is possible that excess power is available during certain hours of the day and the reduced array
power may not always be adequate to pump water at times when the irradiance is low.
5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK
To have realistic design of PV pumping systems, hydraulic characteristics of the region under
study need to be carefully investigated. Total dynamic head to which water should be pumped is
an important input parameter and mostly affects the performance of the system in general.
Moreover varying heads can result in changing size of both photovoltaic system and pumping
system. Further work would be to determine the exact head required and redo the same work
accordingly. In addition, due to the amount of electricity surplus from PV water pumping systems,
future work will be to integrate the surplus electricity to the electrical grid nearby or other use.

68. 54
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