Collection of data :Census and Sample investigation

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ECONOMICS
BASIC
STATISTICS
Dr RekhaChoudhary
Departmentof Economics
JaiNarainVyasUniversity, Jodhpur
Rajasthan

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Collection of Statistical Data-
Census and Sample Investigation

3. 1.0 Introduction
1.1
Objectives
1.2 Meaning of Universe
1.3 Meaning of Collection of Statistical Data
1.4 Methods of Collecting Data
1.5 Census Investigation Method
1.6
Sample Investigation Method
1.7 Difference between Census Method &Sampling Method
1.8 Methods of Sampling
1.9 Let Us Sum Up
1.10 Unit End Questions
1.11 Suggested Readings 3
Index

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Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on
targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer
relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a component of
research in all fields of study including physical and social
sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by discipline, the
emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal
for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to
the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that have
been posed.
1.0 Introduction

5. 1.1 Objectives
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
 Define the term Statistical Data collection;
 Types of Data Collection;
 Describe the method of Data Collection;
 Merits and Demerits of Census and Sample Investigation ; and
 Difference between Census and Sample Investigation.
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By Universe we mean all the statistical units of the statistical area which have
some common specialties. The group of all units of the given problem is called
Universe
1.2 Meaning of Universe
Types of Universe
1.Finite and Infinite Universe.
2. Real and Hypothetical Universe
When data is to be
collected from each
members of the
population, it is known
as Census Survey
When data is to be
collected only from
some members of the
population, it is known
as Sample Survey

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1.3 Meaning of Collection of Statistical Data
When the planning of investigation ends, execution begins. Data are to be
gathered first for execution of investigation. The necessary data are to be made
available which is called collection of data.
Data may be collected through primary sources or secondary sources.

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1.4 Methods of Collecting Data
1.4.1 Census Investigation
When an inquiry regarding a problem is conducted to gather information from every
personal unit of the universe, such as investigation is called Census Investigation.
1.4.2 Sample Investigation
A sample is that part of the universe which is selected from the universe for the
purpose of investigational. These selected units represents the entire population and
the conclusion drawn on the basis of study of such units are applicable to the whole
universe, such as investigation is called Sample Investigation.

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1.5 Census Investigation Method
A statistical investigation in which the data are collected for each and every element/unit of
the population, it is termed as Census Method. It is also known as ‘Complete Enumeration’
or ‘100% Enumeration or Complete survey. Useful in case Intensive Study is required or
the area is limited.
For example: Demographic data on birth and death rates, literacy; workforce, life
expectancy, size and composition of a population Census of India conducted after every 10
years.
Census Method
Merits Demerits
1. More reliability 1. Expensive
2. Detailed Information 2. More labor &Time
3.Sutaible where units are of different qualities 3. Unsuitable if universe is infinite

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1.6 Sample Investigation Method
The sampling method is the one in which only some of the representative items of the
population are selected and data are collected from these. Instead of collecting information
for and from all the units of population, we select a sample i.e. only a few items of the
population. Conclusions derived from the small sample are generalized for the whole
population.
For Example: If out of 2000 students of a college, 200 students are selected to study
monthly expenditure, it will a sample survey of monthly expenditure of students
Sample Method
Merits Demerits
1. Money, labor &Time saving 1. Wide area and less accuracy required
2. In depth study 2. Infinite Universe
3. Reliability 3. Danger of loosing universe
4. Suitability 4. Where census enumeration is impossible
5. More scientific method 5. Uniformity

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1.7 Difference between census method and sampling method
Basis Census method Sampling method
(1) Nature of enquiry The extensive enquiry is conducted at
each and every unit of the population is
studied.
The limited enquiry is conducted as only a few
units of the population are studied.
(2) Economy More Time, Money & Labour -It requires
a large amount of money, time and labour.
Less Time, Money & Labour Relatively less
money, time, and labour are required.
(3) Suitability It is more suitable if the population is
heterogeneous in nature.
It is more suitable if the population is
homogeneous in nature.
(4) Reliability and
accuracy
Results are quite reliable and
accurate under the Census method.
The undersampling method results and less
reliable because a high degree of accuracy is
not achieved.
(5) Organization and
supervision
It is very difficult to organize and
supervise the census method.
The sampling method is comparatively easy to
organize and supervise.
(6) Verification Under this method results of the
investigation cannot be verified.
Under this method, results can be tested taking
out another small sample.
(7) Nature of method Census method is an old method of
investigation and it is not a very
scientific method.
The sampling method is a new and practicable
method, It is a scientific method.

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1.8 Methods of Sampling
The following are the primary methods of selecting sample from population:
1) Deliberate sampling or purposive selection
2) Random sampling or chance selection
3) Stratified or Mixed sampling
4) Other methods

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1.9 Let us Sum up
In present era people must have some knowledge of Data, how to collect data ,
what are the methods of collection of data so keeping that in mind after the
study of this unit we know about collection of data , types of data, method of
collecting data. Merits , demerits of Census and Sample method and difference
between Census and Sample investigation.

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1.10 Unit End Questions
1. Explain the census method of collection of data. Give its merit and
demerits.
2. Explain sampling method of collection of data. Briefly discuss the Merits
and demerits of the sampling method.
3. Distinguish between census method and sampling method.
4. What is sampling and what are its objectives? Describe the various methods
of selecting samples.

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1.11 Suggested Readings
Asthana H.S, and Bhushan, B.(2007) Statistics for Social Sciences (with SPSS Applications). Prentice Hall of
India
B.L.Aggrawal (2009). Basic Statistics. New Age International Publisher, Delhi.
Gupta, S.C.(1990) Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
Elhance, D.N: Fundamental of Statistics
Singhal, M.L: Elements of Statistics
Nagar, A.L. and Das, R.K.: Basic Statistics
Croxton Cowden: Applied General Statistics
Nagar, K.N.: Sankhyiki ke mool tatva
Gupta, BN : Sankhyiki
References
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/word-cloud-statistics-152110988
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+census+and+sample+cloud+image&sxsrf=ALeKk02GbR8b_QIg1l-
Pajyf3D3qAbWFrA:1595785677770&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=BtWXtZPGiM2LaM%252CCl8PseD_yIMskM%252
C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kR_7nNntybTDgMudLr-
iQQxxQjfvw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib7tfzvOvqAhVo_XMBHVT6ApcQ9QEwAnoECAoQCQ&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=B
tWXtZPGiM2LaM
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Systematic_sampling.PNG
https://www.needpix.com/photo/490245/statistics-arrows-trend-economy-business-finance-direction-office-graphic

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