What is GUE & what examinations does it include

1. Prepared by:
Radwan Rushdi Mohammed

3. Urine cup Polyethylene bag
Normal urine constituents Abnormal urine constituents
-Water (about 95% of urine ) -Glucose
-Urea -Protein
-Creatinine -Bile pigment
-Uric acid -Blood cells
-Electrolytes -Cast parasites
-Bacterial microbes
Composition of Urine

4. Types of Specimens
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5. Preservation of urine specimen
*Urine should be examined immediately, because some urinary components are unstable*
long standing of urine at room temperature can cause:
• Growth of bacteria
• Break down of urea to ammonia
• Oxidation of urobilingen to urobilin
• Distraction of glucose by bacteria
• Lysis of RBCs ,WBCs ,and Casts

6. Physical Examination
The parameters to be examined on physical examination of urine
are listed below:
 Volume
 Color
 Appearance
 Odor
 Specific Gravity
 pH

7. Physical Examination of Urine
Volume
The average 24-hr urinary output in adults is 600-2000 ml
Polyuria ,means urinary volume > 2000 ml/24 hours
Oliguria, means urinary volume < 400 ml/24 hours
AnuriaAnuria means urinary output < 100 ml/24 hours
Color
Depending on the state of hydration urine may normally be colorless
(over hydration) or dark yellow (dehydration). Some of the abnormal colors
(Red, brown, orange, blue-green)
Odor
Some abnormal odors with associated conditions are:
Fruity: Ketoacidosis, starvation
Mousy or musty: Phenylketonuria
Fishy: Urinary tract infection with Proteus, tyrosinaemia.
Ammoniacal: Urinary tract infection with Escherichia coli
Appereance
Normal urine is clear in appearance, but abnormal is presence of hazy , cloudy,
Turbidy
PH
Normally freshly voided urine ph range from (5_7) in healthy individual and average
is PH 6
Specific gravity
Ratio of the weight of a fixed volume of solution to that of the same volume of water
ay a specified temperature , usually 20C

8. Chemical Examination of Urine
Chemical examination of urine includes:
Glucose, protein, ketones, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen and
Blood, Nitrite, Leukocyte Esterase, Melanin.
1-Glucose:
a-physiological.
b-pathological.
2-protein:
A-Albomin.
B-Globulin.
C-Hemoglobin.
D-Fibrinogen.
E-Nucleoprotein.
F-Bence jones.

9. 3-ketones: normally not detectable in the blood or urine.are group of three related substances such a:
(acetone, aceto acetate, hydroxybutyric acid)
4-Bilirubin: (normal range 0.02mg/dl)
It's formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in the reticulo endothelial cells of the spleen and bone marrow
5-Urobilinogen: (normally 1-4 mg/day)
6-Blood: ( normal 1- 1.4 g/l )
7-Nitrite: The detection of nitrite in the urine can be used as indicater bacteria such as:
(enterobacter, citrobacter, salmonella, proteius...ect)
Will reduce urinary nitrate to nitrite
8- Leukocyte Esterase: the presence of leukocytes indicates inflammation at some point along the
urogenital tract
9-Melanin: Melanin occurs in metabolic tambours especially with metastasis of liver

10. Centrifuge
(For 5 minutes
at 4000 RPM)