physiological parameters with their significance for D.Pharm. 2nd year students #hospital pharmacy #D.pharm

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
WITH THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
Hemendra Kumar
Asst. Professor
Poineer Institute of Pharmacy
Bareilly

2. 1. BODY TEMPERATURE
• Clinical Thermometer is used for measuring body temperature.
• The thermometer’s bulb is placed at various body positions for a
specific time period.
• The normal body temperature is 37.5°C.
Significance:-
• Increased body temperature is shows any body infection or disease.
• Increased body temperature is symptom of many diseases.
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3. 2.CARDIO-VASCULAR TESTS
2.1. PULSE RATE OR HEART RATE
• Pulse is the wave of expansion and elongation produced in the aorta
wall and passed on the arteries.
• Usually physician prefer the radial artery at wrist.
• Normal range- Foetus 140-150/minutes
Neonatal 130-140/minutes
One year 115-130/minutes
2-3 year 100-115/minutes
7-14 year 80-90/minutes
Over 15 year 70-80/minutes
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4. Significance
• It helps in evaluating the myocardial status and charter of blood
pressure.
• Increased values are observed in case of fever, exercise, excitement,
and increased metabolic rate.
• Increase in heart rate is c/a Tachycardia and decrease in heart rate is
c/a Bradycardia.
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5. 2.2 Blood Cholesterol
• Normal values are
• Significance:
• Increased level indicates diabetes mellitus and other diseases.
• Decreased level indicates hyperthyroidism and anaemia.
Neonates 45-100 mg%
20-30 yrs. 145-275 mg%
30-40 yrs.. 165-295 mg%
40-50 yrs.. 170-315 mg%
Above 50 yrs.. 175-350 mg%
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6. 2.3 Blood Pressure
• The force which is applied by blood on vessel’s wall while circulating.
• Sphygmomanometer is used for the measurement of B.P.
• The Normal Range is 120/80 mmHg.
Significance:
• B.P. determination is a good aid in the heart disease diagnosis.
• Increase in B.P k/a Hypertension and decrease in B.P k/a
Hypotension.
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7. 3 Haematological Tests
3.1 Haemoglobin Value
• Hb is the red colored pigment of blood.
• It consist of Globin(protein) and haem (Iron pigment)
• Its normal range is 15.5±2.5 gm% for male and 14.0±2.5 gm% for
female.
Significance
• Value below the normal range indicates Anaemia.
• Value above the normal range indicates Dehydration.
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8. 3.2 Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
• RBCs are formed in Bone Marrow.
• The red color of RBC is due to the presence of Hb.
• Normal range:- 4.5-5.5 million /mm3(Male) and 3.5-5.5 million/mm3
(female)
Significance
• RBC number above the normal range indicates heart ailment,
polyuria.
• While RBC number below the normal range indicates anaemia and
leukemia.
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9. 3.3 WBCs or TLC (Total Leucocytes count)
• WBC(leucocytes) are colorless cells with nuclei.
• Normal range: 6000-8000 mm3 for males and 8000-10000 mm3.
Significance
• TLC value higher than the normal range indicates an infection being
treated by the body.
• Lower TLC count indicates the improper functioning of the immune
system.
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10. 3.4 DLC (Differential leucocyte count)
• Count of different type of WBCs.
• Normal ranges:
Significance:
Neutrophils: (increase)
• Acute bacterial infection like pneumonia etc.
Neutrophils 60-70%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Basophils 0-2%
Monocytes 5-10%
Lymphocytes 20-30%
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11. Eosinophils: (Increase)
• It indicates allergic condition and presence of intestinal parasites.
Lymphocytes: (increase)
• Acute infection like measles, influenza.
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12. 3.5 ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
• When anticoagulant blood is held in a vertical column, the rate at
which RBC sediment under their own weight is termed as ESR.
• It is measured by Wintrobe’s method.
• Normal range: 0-9 mm/hr. (male) and 2-20mm/hr. (female)
Significance
• ESR determination is have great importance in the diagnosis of
disease like Tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• High ESR indicates such diseases.
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13. 3.6 Platelets Count
• Platelets involves in blood clotting.
• They remain in circulation for 8-12 days.
• The normal range is 150-400x103 / L.
Significance:
• Reduced number occurs either increased destruction or decreased
formation.
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14. 3.7 Blood Sugar
• The normal range is 80-120mg/100ml.
Significance
• Increase in blood sugar level is k/a Hyperglycemia and decrease in
blood sugar level is k/a Hypoglycemia.
• High Blood sugar level occurs in diabetic condition .
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15. 3.8 Blood Uric Acid
• The Normal value is 2-6mg/100ml, while it is slight lower in females.
Significance:
• High value indicates GOUT and renal failure.
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16. 4. URINE ANALYSIS
• Urine is a sterile liquid, formed by kidney by a process k/a Urination.
• It consist of 95% water and 5% other constituents i.e urea,
chloride(Cl−),sodium(Na+),Potassium(K+),Creatinine etc.
4.1 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a) Color:
• Normally yellow-amber in color.
b) Appreance:
Normally it is clear in appreance.
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17. c) Odour:
• Its smell indicates various pathological conditions such as it has sweet
and fruity smell in case of diabetes patient.
• Normally it has aromatic smell but on aged it smells like ammonia.
d) pH:
• Generally it has slightly acidic pH range b/w 4.8-8.
e) Density:
• The sp. Gravity range b/w 1.02-1.03.
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18. 4.2 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
a) Protein:
• It is not generally present in urine so it is k/a abnormal constituent.
• Presence of protein is k/a proteinuria.
b) Sugar(Glucose):
• It is an abnormal constituent.
• The presence of sugar in k/a glycosuria which may be occurs due to
diabetes.
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19. c) Bile salts:
• It is also an abnormal constituent.
• In case of hepatic jaundice bile salt such as bilirubin is excreted in urine.
d) Blood/ Blood cells:
• It is also an abnormal constituent.
• If blood/ blood cells are excreted in urine this condition is k/a
haematuria.
e) Ketone bodies:
• It is also an abnormal constituent.
• In case of hypoglycaemia ketone bodies excreted in urine.
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20. 4.3 MICROSCOPIC TESTS
a) Epithelial cells:
• Few epithelial cells can be present normally in urine.
• Increased number of cell is present in case of urinary tract infection
(UTI), inflammation.
b) RBCs:
• Presence of RBCs in urine is abnormal.
• It may be due to damage in glomerular filters, urinary tract infection
or any internal bleeding.
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21. c) Pus Cells:
• Pus cells may be present due to chronic urinary tract infection.
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22. 5. Liver Function Test
• Increased levels of ALP, SGOT and SGPT enzymes indicates liver
dysfunction.
• There are some test which are performed under LFT:
a) Serum Bilirubin:
• It is a breakdown product of Hb and it is the major pigment of bile.
• The normal range of Total serum bilirubin is 0.3-1.3 mg/dL and that of
direct bilirubin 01-0.4 mg/dL.
• Increased level indicates jaundice and haemolysis.
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23. b) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP):
• This enzyme produced in liver, bones, small intestine and kidneys.
• It catalyse the reaction which facilitate the splitting of the phosphate
group from monophosphoric esters.
• The normal range is 29-92 IU/L.
• Low value indicates Hypophosphatacia, while high level indicates
rickets, osteomalacia, jaundice and impaired absorption of vit. D.
c) SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase):
• This enzyme mainly found in heart and liver and to lesser extent in
kidney and pancreas.
• The normal range is 0-40 mg/L.
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24. • Increased value indicates liver disease due to acute hepatocellular
injury.
d) SGPT(Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase):
• This enzyme mainly found in liver cells and lesser extent to heart and
skeletal muscle.
• It catalyses the transfer of amino group from L-glutamate to pyruvate to
form L-alanine.
• The normal value is 5-36 U/L.
• Higher value indicates liver cell damage.
• In acute myocardial infraction the level of SGPT also increases.
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25. THANK YOU !
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