A small but a good Seminar about Nuclear Weapons including H-bombs and atomic bombs and their Difference

1. Nuclear Weapons
By: Rawa kamaran
University of halabja
Computer Science
Department
Supervisor :M.sarxel

2. Outlines
• What are Nuclear Weapons?
• History of Nuclear bombs.
• Types of Nuclear Weapons.
• How strong they are.

3. What are Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear weapon is an explosive type of a weapon that uses a nuclear reaction
to convert mass to energy from the famous Einstein equation E=MC^2 .
Nuclear bombs are made from uranium-235 or plutonium-239. Plutonium
cannot be found in nature like uranium, it’s a man made element. Uranium
becomes Plutonium when it absorbs neutrons.
It was first create by USA then after other nations
Started to build them too.

4. History of Nuclear Weapons
On December 28, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the
formation of the Manhattan Project to bring together various scientists and
military officials working on nuclear research. Much of the work was
performed in Los Alamos, New Mexico, under the direction of theoretical
physicist Robert Oppenheimer
Between 1965-1968 an international meeting been made to talk about the use
of the nuclear weapons in geneva, 18 nations came for the meeting and
signed to not use them or make new ones.
India, israel, pakistan, southsudan didn’t sign.

5. Types of Nuclear Weapons
1. Atomic bombs:
Atomic bombs are a type fission bomb. Fission is a nuclear reaction where uranium or plutonium gets
bombardment with neutrons and makes the atom split, By splitting a uranium or plutonium
atom it will release an incredible energy and three neutrons, those neutrons will collide with more
atoms, making a massive chain reaction and releasing energy.

6. Types of Nuclear Weapons
2 . Hydrogen Bombs (Thermonuclear):
A hydrogen bomb is multiple times stronger than an atom bomb. H-bombs use
the nuclear reaction called Fusion to increase the energy.
Fusion is the opposite of fission. In fusion atoms combine together instead of
splitting and release a very strong energy and protons also, This reaction
happens in the core of the sun, It needs a very high
temperatures to work and that temperature can be provided by fission , So
An H-bomb contain fission also.

7. Hydrogen Bomb (Thermonuclear)
An H-bomb contain hydrogen gas in the core of the bomb. First fission starts
And heat up the hydrogen gas that contains two hydrogen isotopes:
1.Deuterium:A hydrogen isotopes atom with one neutron and one proton.
2.Tritium:A hydrogen isotopes with one proton and two neutrons.
Then when fusion starts deuterium and tritium fuse together to make helium
and release a neutron and stronger energy than fission.
In an H-bomb the extra neutrons can help to boost the fission reaction, So very
little uranium and plutonium is left. H-bombs have a less radioactive fallout.

8. How strong they are
Nuclear bombs are very strong they can turn big cities into ashes in seconds. The power of nuclear
bombs are measured with kiloton and megaton TNT explosive. Nuclear bombs when they explode
They leave very toxic chemicals and radioactive material behind. The first bomb that was used in war
was by USA ,Hiroshima and Nagasaki in world war two. They both killed 226,000 people combined.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki where both atomics H-bombs were not used in world war two.
The biggest bomb ever tested was by the Russians in 1961 named ‘’Tsar bomba ‘’, the bomb was a
58.6 megaton TNT while hiroshima was 16 kiloton TNT. the Tsar bomba is 3,333 times stronger than
the hiroshima bomb, making it the most powerful bomb ever tested.

9. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon
https://nuclear.duke-energy.com/2013/01/30/fission-vs-fusion-whats-the-difference