In this slide I include the various syndromes and information about the symptoms and i'ts Treatment.

1. SYNDROME
RANI T. BHAGAT
M.PHARM 2ND YEAR
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
S.R.T.M.U. NANDED
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Syndrome is a set of symptoms occurring together that
collectively indicate or characterize a disease, psychological
disorder, or other abnormal health condition.
• The word “Syndrome” is derived from the Greek word
sundrome, which means concurrence of symptoms or from
sundromos, which means running together.
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3. CAUSES
• Drug-induced syndromes or iatrogenic (physician induced)
syndromes are produced by drugs themselves and leads to certain
pathological changes. These are temporally related with starting a
drug,and the symptoms and signs generally revert with its
discontinuation.
• Polypharmacy
• Drugs with narrow therapeutic range
• Age >65 years
• Use of anticoagulant or diuretics.
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4. TYPES
Blue-
Gray
Syndrome
Caushin
g’s
Syndrome
Dapsone
Syndrome
Down
Syndrome
Fetal
Valproate
Syndrome
Gray Baby
Syndrome
Irritable
Bowel
Syndrome
Polycystic
Ovary
Syndrome
Red Man
Syndrom
e
Restless
Legs
Syndrome
Serotonine
Syndrome
Sudden
Infant
Death
Syndrome
Seperior
Vena Cava
Syndrome
Wilson
Syndrome
Zollinger
Ellison
Syndrome
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5. BLUE-GRAY SYNDROME
Blue Gray Syndrome is an Amiodarone related
hyperpigmentation considered as a skin storage
disease secondary to drug deposition.
Symptoms:Blue-grayskin pigmentation, dysponea,
cough and fever.
Treatment: Discontinuation of the drug without
introducing other medication is considered as the
most practiced therapy in clinical setup. Careful and
regular long term follow-up is mandatory.
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6. CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Cushing syndrome is a cortisol hormonal disorder,
occurs when Glucocorticosteroid in high level is taken.
Symptoms: Weight gain, characterized by fat pads
along the collarbone ,back of neck, Thinning of skin,
Osteoporosis , Immune suppression, Sleep disturbances ,
Hypercholesterolemia, Menstrual problems , Excessive
sweating, Excessive hair growth , Impotence in men and
reduced libido in women, persistent hypertension.
Treatment: Reduce use, Surgery, Radiation or
Medication to control excessive production of cortisol
include ketoconazole, mitotane, metyrapone.
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7. DAPSONE SYNDROME
Dapsone syndrome has a frequency of 0.2%-0.5% in
patients on dapsone therapy typically begins with
several weeks of starting the drug.
Symptoms: High fever lasting for about 4-5 days
associated with malaise, sore throat ,dysphagia ,
productive cough,and a pruritic rash,
methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anaemia.
Treatment: Patient can be treated with corticosteroids
both orally (Prednisolone 40mg/day) and topically
(Beclomethasone dipropionate ointment0.025%,2
times a day).Cetirizine and hydroxyzine are also
given.
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8. DOWN SYNDROME
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder where extra
genetic material from chromosome 21 is transferred to
embryo causing abnormalities.
Symptoms: Mongoloid eyes, Snub nose, Short ears,
Small chin, Large tongue , Short/thick hands and feet,
Delayed developmental , Low muscle tone ,Moderate
intellectual disability, Increased distance between first
and second toes, Hypothyroidism, Dementia, Poor
reflux, Congenital heart defects.
Treatment : Physical therapy , Speech language therapy
and Supplement.
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9. FETAL VALPROATE SYNDROME
Fetal valproate syndrome is the term used to
encompass the teratogenic effects of valproic acid
such as multiple birth defect, dysmorphic faces,
developmental delay, learning difficulties , or
behavioural problems.
Symptoms:Neuraltube defects, trigonocephaly,
pulmonary abnormalities, coloboma of iris /optic, low
verbal IQ, autism and autistic spectrum disorder.
Treatment: High dose folic acid is recommended
during pregnancy, starting at least 6 weeks
preconception and continuing through the first
trimester to protect against malformations.
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10. GRAY-BABY SYNDROME
Gray syndrome is a rare but serious side effect
occurs in newborn infants(specially premature
babies)following the iv administration of the
chloramphenicol. Unfortunately, babies don’t have
the liver enzyme needed to metabolize large dose of
these drug. Since their little bodies can’t break down
the drug, toxic levels of the antibiotic can build up in
their bloodstreams.
Symptoms: Vomitting, ashen gray colour of the skin,
limb body tone, hypotension , cynosis,hypothermia,
cardiovascular collapse.
Treatment: Phenobarbital and third generation
cephalosporin effectively can be given at
recommended doses.
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11. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a mix of
belly discomfort or pain and trouble with bowel
habits at the colon gets hypertensive,
overreacting to mild stimulation.
Symptoms:Diarrhea,Constipation,Cramps, that
get worse after meals and feel after a bowel
movement . A lot of gas or bloating, harder or
looser Stools than normal , Stress can make
symptoms worse.
Treatment: Give bulking agents, such as
Psyllium , Antibiotic such as Rifaximin.
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12. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a
hormonal disorder common among women of
reproductive age due to excessive insulin,
hereditary, low grade inflammation. Early
diagnosis and treatment may reduce the risk of
long-term complication.
Symptoms: Infrequent or irregular menstrual
cycle, Elevated level of male hormone result in
excess facial and body hair , and occasionally
severe acne, ovaries might be enlarged and
contain follical that surround the eggs which
prevent ovulation.
Treatment: Lifestyle changes or Combination
birth control pills.
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13. RED MAN SYNDROME
Red man syndrome, due to vancomycin is
caused by overstimulation of mast cells which
produce large amount of histamine. It occurs
during or after an IV infusion.
Symptoms: intense red rash on the face, neck,
and upper body which appears within 10-30
minutes of treatment. Other symptoms are
hypotension, shortness of breath, dizziness,
headache, chills, fever, chest pain, burning
sensation, itching.
Treatment : Symptoms lasts about 20 mins. An
oral dose of an antihistamine or in more severe
cases, you may need IV fluids, corticosteroid, or
both.
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14. RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a disorder of
the nervous system that causes an urge to move the
legs due to chronic condition or antipsychotics,
antidepressant, and cold and allergy medications.
Symptoms: Uncomfortable sensations in their legs,
an irresistible urge to move their legs to relieve the
sensation. The sensations are usually worse at rest,
especially when lying or sitting.
Treatment : Stay away from alcohol , caffeine, and
nicotine. Exercise and relaxation technique also
may be helpful.
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15. SEROTONINE SYNDROME
Serotonin syndrome is a toxic state due to
increased serotonergic activity in CNS, either in
overdose in combination. L- tryptophan ,
Amphetamine, Lithium, Buspirone,
Dextromethorphan, Merperidine , Fluoxetine,
Trazodone.
Symptoms: Neuromuscular changes and fever,
mydriasis, tachycardia, tachyponea , mental status
changes may result in death in severe cases.
Treatment : On cessation of the medication, it
resolves within 24hrs. Activated charcoal in case
of overdose. Rigidity, seizure and agitation are
treated with benzodiazepines. Severe symptoms
treated with Cyproheptadine.
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16. SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the
unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a
seemingly healthy baby less than a year old.
Causes : Brain defects, low birth weight,
respiratory disorder, sleeping on the stomach or
side, on soft surface or overheating. It can occure if
mother is younger than 20, smokes cigarettes, uses
drugs or alcohol or has inadequate prenatal care.
Prevention: Make the baby sleep on his back,
don’t overheat him, breast feed, offer a pacifier and
immunize baby.
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17. SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYMPTOMS
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is the name given
to symptoms that occures when blood flow through
superior vena cava is blocked or compressed due to
tumour or a swollen lymph node obstructing the
flow of blood through vein.
Symptoms: Difficulty in breathing or swallowing ,
chest pain, coughing up blood, swollen veins in the
neck or chest, arm swelling, facial swelling,
Wheezing, Nausea, red skin on the chest or neck.
Treatment : Supplemental oxygen , steroids to
reduce swelling, bypass surgery or
Chemotheraphy.
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18. WILSON SYNDROME
Wilson’s Temperature Syndrome (WTS)
consist of hypothyroid symptoms and low body
temperature under conditions of stress , the cells
of the body convert less T4 into T3. consequently,
the metabolism slows and the body temperature
drops and the symptoms appear.
Symptoms: fatigue, depression, fluid retention,
easy weight gain, headaches, dry skin, dry hair,
irritability, low libido, insomnia, anxiety.
Treatment: Eliminate physical and emotional
stress , and provide the T3 medication.
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19. ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME
Zollinger –Ellison Syndrome is a rare condition
in pancreas duodenum which secrete large
amounts of the hormone gastrin, which causes
your stomach to produce too much acid . The
excess acid then leads to peptic ulcers.
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea,
Burning, Discomfort , Heartburn , Nausea ,
vomiting, Bleeding in digestive tract, Unintended
weight loss, Decreased appetite.
Treatment: Proton pump inhibitors include
lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole,
rabeprazole.
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