Qualitative and Quantitative research

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF EUROPEAN
UNIVERSITY
NATIONAL CENTER FOR TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG
DISEASE
EKA KOKHREIDZE
PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGER/RESEARCHER
EKOKHREIDZE@YAHOO.COM

2. TOPIC
✔Qualitative and quantitative researches
✔Observational and experimental studies
Literature: Petter Laake – Chapter 10.
Ranjit Kumar – Chapter 8.

3. What is RESEARCH???

4. MEANING
“a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search
for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
Redman and Mory- a “systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.”
Earl Robert Babbie- “research is a systematic inquiry to
describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.
It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

5. STEPS AND COMPONENTS
OF RESEARCH

6. Ask the question
Design the study
Collect the data
Describe and summarize the data
Analyze the data
Report the data

7. ევროპის უნივერსიტეტის მედიცინის ფაკულტეტის
სამეცნიერო კვლევითი ინსტიტუტი

8. TYPES OF RESEARCH

9. BROADLY
Inductive – qualitative methods - aims developing a theory
Deductive – quantitative methods – aims testing an existing
theory

10. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Understand, explain, explore, discover and clarify situations, feelings,
perceptions, attitudes, values, beliefs and experiences of a group of
people.
• The study designs mainly entail the selection
of people from whom the information,
through an open frame of enquiry, is explored
and gathered
• The difference between study designs
and methods of data collection is far less clear

11. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHES
⮚ Interviewing – between interviewer and participant
⮚ Key person interview – expert of a field
⮚ Oral history - data collection than a study design. We study perceptions,
experiences and accounts of an event or gather historical knowledge as
viewed by individuals with own words.
⮚ Focus groups/group interviews - free and open discussion between
members of a group and the researcher, who raises issues or asks
questions that stimulate discussion among members of the group
⮚ less expensive and needs far less time to complete. Information can
be detailed and rich and can be used to explore a vast variety of
issues.
⮚ Participant observation – researcher observes social interaction or a
phenomenon.
⮚ Community discussion forums – town planning options, community
health programs, traffic management, infrastructure development and
determining future directions for the area, informing communities of new
initiatives.
⮚ Texts, images, and objects - ???

12. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Quantitative study designs are specific, well structured, have
been tested for their validity and reliability, and can be explicitly
defined and recognized.
• Quantitative study designs have more clarity and distinction
between designs and methods of data collection.
• Enough detail about a study design is provided for it to be
replicated for verification and reassurance.

13. Types of study design
Number of contacts
one
Cross-sectional
two
Before-and after
Three or
more
longitudinal
Nature of the
investigation
experimental
Non-
experimental
Semi-experimental
Reference
period
retrospective
prospective
MIX method

14. BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY
• Measures changes
• Situation
• Phenomena
• Issue
• Relationship
intervention
Study
population
Study
population
Data before
observation
Data after
observation

15. LONGITUDINAL STUDY
DESIGN
Mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence, migration, changes..
Research
population
Research
population
Research
population
Research
population

16. REFERENCE PERIOD
Prospective – looking in the future
Retrospective – historical analyses
Retro/prospective – combination

17. NATURE OF
INVESTIGATION
Experimental – introduce an intervention
Non-experimental – observe the intervention
Quasi or semi-experimental - both parts

18. The decision to use qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods
approaches should depend on the research problem, not the skills
of the researcher
Broadly, qualitative research leads to a deeper understanding of
what is being studied, usually: An introduction about a very
narrowly-defined group. Meanings, motivations, opinions or
themes often emerge from qualitative research.
Broadly, quantitative research summarizes and analyses data
using numerical methods, such as averages and percentages.

19. DIFFERENCE
QUALITATIVE
• Feelings, opinions
What
• Suggest hypotheses Why
• Detailed conclusion
• Words, pictures data
• Small number size
• Time-consuming time
• Rarely Applicability
generalizable
• Interviews, Examples
focus groups, diaries
QUANTITATIVE
• Objective data
• Tests hypotheses
• General
• Numbers, statistics
• Can be large numbers
• More efficient
• Sometimes generalizable
• Experiments, surveys
measurements

20. QUESTIONNAIRE
Qualitative – open ended questions (opinions, suggestions..)
Quantitative – close ended questions (yes-no, rate 0-10..)
Mixed methods – both types of questionnaire (open / close)

21. EXAMPLES
What? Why?
Most of the women interviewed at the mall said that
the lack of female shoppers in the mall was due to the
lack of women’s clothing stores.
How much?
Of the 100 women surveyed, 78 noted a lack of
women’s clothing stores

22. QUESTIONS
✔Does Lockdown help spread COVID-19?
✔Why do some people with COVID-19 have digestive problems?
✔What is the best self-medication for COVID-19 at home??
✔How can a person be physically prepared to deal with COVID-
19?
✔Does frequent hand washing help to infect the virus?

23. PRACTICING
Think of a thematic field with which you are familiar. Could you
suggest some research questions that could be productively
explored using qualitative research methods?
1. Define design and the instrument of your research
2. Argument why you prefer this instrument

24. THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION