a ppt presentation on distinguishing technical terms in research

4. The word research came from the
old French word “recerchier” which
means to search and search again. It
literally implies repeating a search
for something and implicitly assumes
that the earlier search was not
thorough and complete in the sense
that there is still area for
improvement.

5. Research in common language refers
to a search for knowledge. It may be
defined as a scientific and
systematic search for relevant
information on a specific topic/area.
In fact, research is an art of
scientific investigation. Some people
consider research as a movement, a
movement from known to unknown. It is

6. Research is a scientific approach
of answering a research question,
solving a problem, or generating new
knowledge through a systematic and
orderly collection, organization, and
analysis of information with an
ultimate goal of making the research
useful in decision-making.

7. Research is also an academic study
that uses very technical terms to
represent its parts. Technical means
formal and relating to practical
subject organized on scientific
principles.

8. • came from the old French word
“recerchier” which means to search
and search again
• in common language refers to a
search for knowledge
• may be defined as a scientific and
systematic search for relevant
information on a specific
topic/area.

9. • research is an art of scientific
investigation
• a scientific approach of answering
a research question, solving a
problem, or generating new
knowledge through a systematic and
orderly collection, organization,
and analysis of information with an
ultimate goal of making the

10. • an academic study that uses very
technical terms to represent its
parts. Technical means formal and
relating to practical subject
organized on scientific principles.

11. • an academic study that uses very
technical terms to represent its
parts. Technical means formal and
relating to practical subject
organized on scientific principles.

12. • “a systematic and scientific
procedure of data collection,
compilation, analysis,
interpretation, and implication
pertaining to any problem.”

13. • the main purpose of research is
to inform action,
to prove a theory, and
contribute to developing
knowledge
in a field or study.

14. • research
• thesis
• dissertation
• case study

15. Technical Terms Used in
Research

16. • is a subject or topic that
researcher finds interesting
when conducting research. This
needs to be narrowed down which
will focus on the main idea

17. • summarizes all sections and
helps readers decide whether or
not to read the entire report.

18. • presents background
information, scope, and focus
of the research paper

19. • provides a review of what
others have written or
researched on concerning the
topic. In some research
reports, concept literature,
research literature,
theoretical framework,
conceptual framework, research

20. • explains how the research was
conducted.
• include the research design,
population and sampling
procedure, research instrument,
data gathering procedure, and
data analysis procedure.

21. • presents the information
gathered through the research.

22. • provides the summary of the
research.
• brings the report to closure by
giving emphasis to ideas stated
previously.

23. • contain other related
information such as graphs,
charts, tables, and lists.

24. Other Terms Used in
Research

25. • a term that abstractly describes
and names an object, a phenomenon,
or an idea.
• Income – P5,000 – P8,000
• Age – 18 y/o – 20 y/o
• Education Level – High School
Graduate, College Graduate, Post
Graduate
• Number of Siblings – 3 siblings in
the family, 4 or more siblings in
the family

26. • an organized body of concepts and
principles intended to explain a
particular phenomenon.
 theory of relativity
 atomic theory
 theory of evolution
 quantum theory

27. • a method that focuses on numbers,
objective hard data. It proves
hypothesis by statistical analysis
and scientific method. It is called
a formal, objective, systematic
process in which numerical data is
used to obtain information about
the world. It is used to describe
variables. It examines relationship
among variables

28. EXAMPLE
• A drug abuser telling you how many
pills they consume per week.

29. • It uses words instead of numbers to
display data. It focuses on
feelings not numerical data. Small
amount of participants involved in
a qualitative research study. This
kind of research method utilizes
interviews, archived written
information, observations to
measure the significance of a
relationship between variables.

30. EXAMPLE
• A drug abuser telling you how they
feel about abusing drugs.

31. • is any quality of a person, group
subject event, condition or
situation that varies or takes on
different values.
Examples
age, sex, business income and
expenses, country of birth, capital
expenditure, class grades, eye color
and vehicle type

32. • dependent variable:
referred to as the outcome
(effect)
• independent variable:
referred to as the cause or

33. • Extraneous variables: all
variables, which are not the
independent variable, but
could affect the results of
the experiment.
.

34. • demographic variable: variable that is
collected by researchers to describe the
nature and distribution of the sample
used with
inferential statistics. Within applied
statistics and research, these are
variables such as age, gender, ethnicity,
socioeconomic measures, and
group membership.

35. • The dependent variable is often
referred to as the outcome (effect)
• The independent variable is also
referred to as the cause or
experimental variable.
• Extraneous variables are all
variables, which are not the
independent
variable, but could affect the
results of the experiment.

36. • is a logical supposition, a
reasonable guess, and educated
conjecture. It provides a tentative
explanation of a phenomenon under
investigation.
• EXAMPLE: a researcher might be
interested in the relationship
between study habits and test
anxiety. The researcher would propose
a hypothesis about how these two

37. • is a logical supposition, a
reasonable guess, and educated
conjecture. It provides a tentative
explanation of a phenomenon under
investigation.
• EXAMPLE: a researcher might be
interested in the relationship
between study habits and test
anxiety. The researcher would propose
a hypothesis about how these two

38. • it is the process of selecting
participants who are representatives
of a larger population – gain an
understanding of a larger population.
• EXAMPLE:a random sample may include
choosing the names of 25 employees
out of a hat in a company of 250
employees. The population is all 250
employees, and the sample is random
because each employee has an equal

39. • anything which gives a person a
feeling of discomfort
• It could be a situation that
needs to be changed or anything
that is not working as expected.
• A research problem must be
relevant, feasible, clear, and
ethical.

40. • explains the existence of a
problem
• explains the connections
between variables in the
research.

41. • give focus to the study and
specify variables that are going
to be measured.
• the researcher needs to specify
what to do and what to find out
in the research.

42. • the basic elements which are
measured in a study
• observable and measurable
• four types of variables:
(1) the independent,
(2)dependent,
(3) intervening, (4) the

43. • collected information related to
the
research problem
• information about the problem
and related concepts theories
that explain the existence of
the problem are collected in the
RRL.

44. • called the “blueprint” of the
study.
• A plan course of action which
the research follows to answer
research questions or sole
research problem.

45. • the science of collecting,
presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data

46. • the entire pool from which a
statistical sample is drawn.
• may refer to an entire group
of people, objects, events,
or measurements.
• an aggregate observation of
subjects grouped together by
a common feature.

47. • manageable version of a larger
group
• subset containing the
characteristics of a larger
population.
• used in statistical testing
when population sizes are too
large for the test to include
all possible members or

48. 1. Probability Sampling- is a
sampling technique where a
researcher sets
a selection of a few criteria and
chooses members of a population
randomly. All the members have an
equal opportunity to be a part of
the sample with this selection
parameter.

49. Non-probability sampling - The
researcher chooses members for
research at random. This sampling
method is not a fixed or predefined
selection process. This makes it
difficult for all elements of a
population to have equal
opportunities to be included in a
sample.

50. In research, data are
information collected, printed,
or recorded which are used for
the purpose of analysis

51. A research question provides a
focus for investigation. It
grounds the study, determines
the method in which the study
will be conducted, and it guides
all stages of inquiry, analysis,
and reporting.

52. refers to a research tool to
holistically understand the
cultural assets of a place based
on the local knowledge of the
people.

53. is a conversational practice
where knowledge is produced
through the interaction between
an interviewer and an
interviewee or a group of
interviewees.

54. summarizes the content that
researchers cover during
interviews. At one extreme, it
may provide very minimal
directions, leading to “less
structured” interviews that are
designed primarily to explore
the participant’s own

55. ✓ Pose open, rather than closed
questions.
✓ Sequence interview questions
from broad to narrow.
✓ Avoid the inclusion of
possible responses in questions.
✓ Pose one question at a time.
✓ Avoid posing multi-part

56. • set of questions to gather
information in a survey
 open-end format
 multiple choice
 checklist

57. 1. Focus on asking closed-ended
questions.
2. Keep your survey questions neutral.
3. Keep a balanced set of answer choices.
4. Don’t ask for two things at once.
5. Keep your questions different from
each other.
6. Let most of your questions be optional
to answer.

58. • a statistical analysis of
answers to a poll of a sample
of a population, e.g. to
determine opinions, or
knowledge

59. • occurs when ideas, information,
and even pictures are used
without proper acknowledgement
of the original sources.
Providing in-text citation or
parenthetical text from another
source is a surefire method to

60. ✓ Running Text
According to Shane (2021), use of in-
text citation shows that the idea is
not yours and that you acknowledge its
rightful source.
✓ Within Parenthesis
The use of in-text citation shows that
the idea is not yours and that you

61. • a list of all sources used in
research.

62. • contains related information
such as graphs, charts, tables,
lists.

63. What makes a thesis
statement important?

64. 1. start drafting
2. stay focused
3. narrow your subject
4. have a point of reference to guide
your paper

65. 1. gives a preview to the audience of
what the project will
discuss
2. presents the categories that will be
used to organize the project
3. introduces the order in which the
categories will be presented

66. What is a GOOD thesis
statement?

67. 1.A good thesis statement
is short and simple:
it should be no longer
than one sentence,
regardless of essay length.

68. Good thesis: Success is a result of
doing the right things consistently.
Bad thesis: In a world full of
success gurus and books about
success, it becomes ever so more
important to delineate the one trait
that ultimately determines
success: doing the right things

69. 2. A good thesis statement
is limited to one main
idea.

70. Good thesis: The key to successful
dieting is focusing on a specific
goal.
Bad thesis: The key to successful
dieting is focusing on a specific
goal, which is also the key to
successfully running a business and
coaching a football team.

71. 3. A good thesis statement
is a declarative sentence
with no
qualifiers (in my opinion,
I think, might, maybe,
perhaps,
etc.)

72. Good thesis: Lebron James' ability to
score, pass, and rebound make him the
league's most valuable player.
Bad thesis: Lebron James' ability to
score, pass, and rebound just might
make him the league's most valuable
player.

73. FUNDAMENTALS
OF RESEARCH PAPER WRITING

74. • It should maintain its focus on the
given subject of research -
answering a specific research
question - and not be inconsistent
or aimless as to convey information
or make claims on other, unrelated
topics or subjects.

75. • research paper must contain
specific, proven research, and cites
all research sources and related
literature.

76. • A research paper must provide a
thesis statement, one that answers
the research question and
contributes to the knowledge of the
given subject. It can't propose to
answer a question that doesn't
relate to real life or isn't based
on an existing body of knowledge.

77. • A research paper is objective and
realistic. Should it be made to
present interpretations, arguments,
or evaluations, then it should do so
based on valid evidence from
reliable sources.

78. • A research paper cannot be written
without the researcher knowing the
limits, timeframes, and focus of the
required work. Without the writer /
researcher stating the scope and
limitations of the research paper,
it is likely that the thesis
statement will be hampered by an
inability to answer the given

79. Systematic research basic
operations

80. • observing, measuring, and
recording
information

81. • arranging and organizing the
collected data so that we may
be able to find out what their
significance is and generalize
about them.

82. • inseparable part and an outcome
of a
research study
• to convey information contained
in it to the readers.

83. Three
General Types of Research
Fraencal and Wallen (1996)

84. • finds answer to the question
 who, what, when, where, and how
• describes a given situation in terms of
specified factors.
 characteristics of individuals or
groups (farmers, students,
administrators, entrepreneurs,
patients, etc.)
 physical environments (schools,
business establishments, hospitals,
cooperatives, etc.)

85. • Tardiness and Absenteeism among High
School Students
• COVID-19 Infected Health Service
Providers in Government and Private
Hospitals of Baguio City

86. • answers the questions why and how.
• factors related to the problem are not
viewed as real “causes” of the problem,
but factors which are associated with
and may contribute to the occurrence of
the problem.
• The researcher investigates
relationships between factors and
variables.

87. • Relationship Between Motivation and
Absenteeism Among High School Students
in the Division of La Union

88. • studies the “cause and effect”
relationship between certain factors on
a certain phenomenon under controlled
conditions.
• The subjects of the study are randomly
assigned to the experimental group and
controlled group and both groups are
exposed to similar conditions except
for the intervention/treatment.

89. • The Effects of Different Levels of
Applied Nitrogen on the Growth and
Yield of Rice

90. What problems in our society today
do you think needs research?
COVID-19 Pandemic – The corona virus
disease needs research because it is
a disease new to our world and there
in no known vaccine yet. Vaccines
developed by big medical companies
are yet untested and undefined. It
needs further research if it is

97. 1. There is new cause for concern for
parents who think they are feeding
their young children safe and healthy
foods. A new lawsuit claims the
Environmental Protection Agency is
allowing unacceptably high levels of
pesticides in some foods favored by
children. Baguio City and La Trinidad,
Benguet, Pangasinan and La, Union are
alleging everything from grapes to

98. The WHO is being accused of not setting
child safe pesticide limits as required
by the Food Quality Protection Act of
1996. "These safety standards exist.
They've existed since 1996. They need
to be enforced. We do need to have
these levels set and ideally they'll be
set at 10 times the safety standards so
that they will protect kids," said
Department of Health Secretary

99. 2. While California has been the state
most prone to serious earthquakes in
recent years, there are many other
fault zones in other areas of the
United States. For example, geologists
and seismologists have predicted a 97
percent chance of a major earthquake in
the New Madrid seismic zone of the
central United States (including
Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and

100. While earthquakes with the power of the
one that hit the greater Los Angeles
area in January 1994 are fairly rare,
less severe earthquakes can interrupt
your normal living patterns and cause
substantial injury.

101. Steps in Doing Simple
Research
Creswell (2008)

102. 1.Identify a research problem
2. Reviewing the literature
3.Specifying a purpose for
research
4. Collecting data
5. Analyzing and interpreting data
6. Reporting and evaluating
research

103. What do you think is the
importance of research?

105. Commonly Used Method of
Research

106. • emphasize objective measurements and
statistical, mathematical, or
numerical analysis of data collected
through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys.
• research focuses on gathering
numerical data and generating it
across groups of people or to explain
a particular phenomenon

107. • focuses on obtaining data through
open-ended and conversational
communication.
• about what people think and why they
think so.
• results of qualitative methods are
more descriptive, and the inferences
can be drawn easily from the data
that is obtained.

108. Quantitative
Observation
Qualitative
Observation
observation is made
with instruments,
such as rulers,
weighing scale or
meter stick. In
short, the
observations are
measurable or has
numbers.
observation uses the
five senses to
describe results of
the research, for
example, color,
shape, smell, and
taste and etc., it
doesn’t use numbers.

109. Quantitative
Observation Examples
Qualitative
Observation Examples
• Gigi lives 500
meters from the
sea.
• The banana weighed
12 grams.
• Gigi lives in the
Southeastern
Philippines.
• The banana I am
eating is starchy.

110. Qualitative Research
• Focuses on
testing theories
and hypotheses
Focuses on
exploring ideas
and formulating
a theory or
hypothesis

111. Quantitative
Research
Is analyzed
through math and
statistical
analysis Is
analyzed by
summarizing,
categorizing and
interpreting

112. Quantitative
Research
Mainly expressed
in numbers,
graphs and tables
Mainly expressed
in words

113. Quantitative
Research
Qualitative Research
Requires many
respondents
• Requires few
respondents

114. Quantitative
Research
Qualitative Research
Closed (multiple
choice) questions
• Open-ended
questions

115. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Key terms are:
testing,
measurement,
objectivity,
replicability
• Key terms are:
understanding,
context,
complexity,
subjectivity

116. • 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
Quantitative
Method
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
Qualitative
Method

117. statistical analysis
numbers categorizing
themes words
graphs interpretation
math summarizing
codes

118. Advantages &
Disadvantages of
Qualitative and
Quantitative Research

119. • A problem or question is examined by
deductively forming a hypothesis
derived from theory.
• Controlled, objective testing and
experimentation ultimately supports or
rejects your hypotheses.
• Each step is standardized to reduce
bias when collecting and analyzing

120. • results are valid, reliable and
generalizable to a larger
population.
• studies that involve numbers, such
as measuring achievement gaps
between different groups of
students or assessing the
effectiveness of a new blood

121. • Survey instruments are vulnerable
to errors such as mistakes in
measurement and flawed sampling
techniques.
• some topics are too difficult to
quantify in numbers.

122. • ability to deeply probe and
obtain rich descriptive data
about social phenomena through
structured interviews, cultural
immersion, case studies and
observation, for instance.

123. • Studies are not easily replicable or
generalizable to the general
population.
• Conscious or unconscious bias can
influence the researcher’s
conclusions. Lacking rigorous
scientific controls and numerical
data, qualitative findings may be
dismissed by some researchers as

125. 1. The cup had a mass of 454 grams.
2. The temperature outside is 250 C.
3. It is warm outside.
4. The tree is 30 feet tall.
5. The building has 25 stories.
6. The building is taller than the tree.
7. The sidewalk is long.
8. The sidewalk is 100 meters long.
9. The race was over quickly.
10. The race was over in 10 minutes.

126. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH
PAPER

130. 1. _________is often shown in tables
and figures.
2. _________ are descriptive
information that let readers search
for an article.
3. _________it answers the questions
in the Research.

131. 4. _________ are the materials the
author/s cited when writing the
research.
5. _________discusses the results of the
research.
6. _________is where the readers know
what the research is about.
7. _________ answers the “why” question
in the research.

132. 8. ________ answers the “how” question
in the
research.
9. ________ answers the “so what”
question in the research.
10. ________ answers the “what” question
in the research.

133. 1. The introduction of the research
paper gives an overview of any issues
involved with the subject.
2. Statements in the introduction should
not be
paraphrased, it should be copied word
per word.
3. The body of the research paper, use
strong evidence
from sources—paraphrases, summaries, and

134. 4. The body clearly present the main
points of the paper as listed in the
thesis.
5. Highlight background information on
the topic needed to understand the
direction of the paper is found in the
body of the research.
6. Conclusion should restate your
thesis from the introduction in

135. 7. Use transitions between
main points and between
examples within the main
points
8. The introduction must end
with a THESIS statement that
tell what the overall paper

136. 9. Briefly outline the main
points in the paper in the
conclusion part.
10. The conclusion end with a
strong clincher statement: an
appropriate, meaningful final
sentence that ties
the whole point of the paper

137. 1. Some data are quantitative
while others are qualitative.
2. Qualitative data generally
includes equations.
3. All problems need research.
4. Sample is a subset containing
the characteristics of a larger
population.

138. 5. Statistics is used to
collect, present, analyze and
interpret data in
quantitative research only.
6. Null hypothesis is a
statement of relationship
between variables.
7. The objective gives focus to

139. 8. Collected information about
the problem and related concepts
theories that explain the
existence of the problem is
placed in the
Review of Related Literature.
9. Research questions are
information collected, printed,

140. 10. Qualitative research method
is about what people think and
why
they think so.

141. Thank you!
Jonalyn Piasan-Ngappol
Presenter