In these experimental studies the effect of the mechanical processing on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of low carbon steels. These carbon steels are widely used in automobile, railways, naval architecture, steel, petroleum industry, etc, applications with exposure to extreme temperature conditions and subjected to stress and exposed to corrosive environment. The most commonly used type of steel are low carbon steel, High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA), Cold Rolled Steel and Hot Rolled steel (HRS). The mechanical properties like ductility, strength and metallurgical properties like microstructure, grain size, etc, influence the properties of the rolled steels. In this study an effort is made to study the research reported in literature, on the innovations in processing of low carbon steel through grain refinement and heat treatment to produce steel possessing good & comparatively mechanical and metallurgical properties.

1. M.Tech Thesis Synopsis
On
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON
STEEL AFTER HOT ROLLING PROCESS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad
September-2018
Supervised by
DR. LOKENDRA PAL SINGH
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Shepherd Institute of Engineering & Technology (SHUATS), Allahabad
Submitted By:
RAMAM SINGH
M.Tech (Production & Industrial Engineering)
17MTMEPIE***
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007

2. DRAFT LETTER FOR M.TECH THESIS (SYNOPSIS)
APPROVAL
Dear Mr./Ms.---------------------
This is in regard to topic for your M.Tech thesis.
Based on the interest area shown by you and availability of expert in the relevant area, I am glad
to inform you that Mr. / Ms/ / Dr. ------------------------------------has been allocated as your
M.Tech thesis Advisor. Your broad area of research will be--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------- and you are advised to immediately contact
your Advisor to chalk out future course of action in regard to thesis work.
As a part of your thesis work, you are expected to work as per below mentioned guidelines:
1. Keep on interacting with your thesis Advisor on regular basis.
2. Undertake exhaustive literature survey before finalizing the focused topic of your thesis work.
3. You will be required to present a Synopsis Seminar defending your chosen topic of ME
thesis, literature survey and detailed work plan.
4. Subsequent to approval of Synopsis, you should put in a more focused effort for your research
work while being in regular contact with your Advisor.
5. Outcome of your research effort will be measured in terms of publication(s) and
presentation(s) of at least two research papers in International Conference(s) of repute.
6. Dates for your pre thesis submission seminar will be notified to you by the office of R & D.,
provided you have satisfied the condition mentioned at Sr. no. 5 above.
7. You must submit your thesis, so as to be further sent to the approved examiner for further
evaluation and Viva Voce examination.

3. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
SHEPHERD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(SHUATS), ALLAHABAD 211007
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the proposed M.Tech Thesis Synopsis entitled, “AN EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON STEEL
AFTER HOT ROLLING PROCESS”, which is being submitted herewith for the award of
M.Tech, is the result of the work completed by RAMAM SINGH under the supervision of DR.
LOKENDRA PAL SINGH (Assistant Professor) and guidance within the institute and the same
has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.
Dr. Arvind Saran Darbari Dr. Anshuka Srivastava
(Associate Professor) (Professor)
Seminar coordinator Head of Department

4. M.Tech Thesis Synopsis
Name: RAMAM SINGH
Course: M.Tech
Branch: Mechanical Engineering
Specialization: Production and Industrial Engineering
University Roll No. – 17MTMEPIE***
Year of Admission: 2017
Advisor Name- Dr. Lokendra Pal Singh (Assistant Professor)
Telephone No: 8299820023
E-mail: ramamsingh@gmail.com
Proposed Topic: An Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Low Carbon Steel
after Hot Rolling Process
Proposed Place of Work:
Shepherd Institute of Engineering & Technology (SHUATS), Allahabad 211007

5. DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the proposed M.Tech Thesis Synopsis entitled, “AN EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON STEEL AFTER
HOT ROLLING PROCESS” was carried out and written by me, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Shepherd Institute of Engineering & Technology (SHUATS) Allahabad
211007.This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or
diploma or certificate nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.
Place: Allahabad RAMAM SINGH
Date: (M.Tech) Sem-3rd

6. Table of Contents
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.
Abstract
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...1
1.1 Topic Introduction..…………………………..…………………………….......1
1.2 Topic Description………………………………………….................................2
1.3 Why this topic…………………………………………………………………..3
2. Literature Survey…………………………………………………………………….......4-5
3. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………………………….6
4. Objectives………………………………………………………………………………..7
5. Material and Methodology………………………………………………………………8-11
References………………………………………………………………………………....12

7. Abstract
Hot rolling can be a low cost method of producing sheet steel products. However, for steels
containing solute carbon, microstructural development during processing is affected by dynamic
strain aging (DSA). This can significantly weaken the texture formed during annealing, thus
resulting in products with poor formabilities. It is known that the DSA behaviour can be
modified by the addition of elements such as boron and chromium. Experimental low carbon
steels with various additions of chromium, boron and phosphorus were warm rolled and their
behaviour compared with that of a standard low material. It was found that these additions
promote the formation of shear bands under hot rolling conditions, thus resulting in a stronger
recrystallisation texture than that of the unmodified low carbon steel.

8. 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Topic Introduction-
Rolling is a metal forming process by means of which it is possible to reduce the thickness or
change the cross-section of a slab. The deformation is obtained through compression forces
applied by a series of rolls. The roll forming process constitutes 90% of all metal forming
process, this manufacturing process was developed at the end of sixteenth-century.
In general, the first step in a rolling process starts from an ingot or, always more frequently, from
a continuous casting product. The product obtained from the first step is called slab, billet or
bloom depending on shape and dimensions, each one of them semi-finished products is wrought
further to get different objects.
It had be concluded so far that in hot rolling, increase in height of roll grooves which was a
function of its expansion, caused by the process parameters, resulted in increase in thickness of
rolled stock, which affected the mechanical properties of the rolled samples such as ultimate
tensile strength, yield strength, bendability, modulus of elasticity, % reduction in area, hardness,
toughness and % elongation, depending on the diameter of strip being rolled. During hot-rolling,
a metal bloom/slab with a thickness enters the rolls at the entrance plane x-x with a velocity . It
passes through the roll gap and leaves the exit plane y-y with a reduced thickness and at a
velocity . Given that there is no increase in width, the vertical compression of the metal is
translated into an elongation in the rolling direction. Since there is no change in metal volume at
a given point per unit time throughout the process, In the study on the mechanical behavior of
low carbon steel rolled products, discovered that most mills in developing nations of the world
still operated on the basis of conventional rolling which was devoid of modern facilities.
Much is known about steels, and more varieties of steels are available in the market than in any
other class of metallic materials. Even then, research and development on newer steels is
continuing due to the constant demand for improved properties. Low carbon steels are being
used in a variety of industrial fields and new applications are continuously emerging specially in
rolling operation in steel industries. Low carbon steels,i.e, steels which are intentionally alloyed
with a considerable amount of carbon steels displays a unique combination of
strength,toughness,corrosion resistance and wear resistance.Another advantage of this type of
steels that they are magnetic in nature. Carbon is the key element to high performance of steels.
Alloying element such as mn, Cr, Mo, Nb, V, Ni and Si etc. Influence the solubility of carbon
and in turn affect mechanical properties and microstructure.In this experimental study the effect
of hot rolling on microstructure, mechanical properties and ballistic performance of low carbon
steel has been evaluated.

9. 2
1.2 Topic Description:-
Conventional Rolling operations were not executed along with the necessary temperature
monitoring with a view to controlling the evolved microstructure.The steel specimen
produced through conventional rolling often exhibited abysmally low mechanical
properties. From findings, control of inter-stand temperature such that the desired initial
austenite grain size is achieved at the last stand is imperative. This would ensure that
appropriate phase transformation of the right grain size, morphology and texture is
obtained during cooling of the strip. In the study of hot rolling of steel, discovered that
temperature was the dominant parameter controlling the kinetics of metallurgical
phenomena such as flow stress, strain-rate and recrystallization (both static and dynamic).
The mechanical properties of the final product were determined by a complex sequence
of microstructural changes conferred by thermal variations. According to findings,
temperature also aided the softening mechanism by which rolling strip were prevented
from brittle fracture due to work hardening effect of the rolling forces.
On the processing of low carbon steel specimen and hot strip an overview and found that
the soaking temperature, drafting schedule, finish rolling and coiling temperatures all
played important roles in processing of low carbon bar and strip. They controlled the
kinetics of various physical and metallurgical processes, viz. austenitization, and
recrystallization and mechanical behaviour.

10. 3
1.3 Why this topic:-
The development of a system which should be able to determine the mechanical behavior of low
carbon steel after hot rolled strip. Different principle methods for determination and comparison
the relationship between chemical composition, production conditions and mechanical properties
below given:
1. Physical-metallurgical modelling of the process
2. Statistical methods
This idea were realized from large demands of hot rolling operation such as fields of research
article, quality control of product, operation, production & manufacturing
Hot-rolled process can significantly reduce consumption, reduce costs Where it can be hot-rolled
billet should be hot-rolled metal, because metal hot deformation resistance than cold-rolled low,
can significantly reduce energy consumption during rolling. To more analysis of material
behavior in hot rolling need to be more comparison between parameters. In view of increasing
cost of input materials, new processing techniques such as recrystallized controlled rolling had
been developed for production of plates and thinner hot bands with very good deep drawability
respectively. Although there some reviews on low carbon steels in the past the present one need
to new developments.

11. 4
2. Literature Survey
In these experimental studies the effect of the mechanical processing on the mechanical and
metallurgical properties of low carbon steels. These carbon steels are widely used in automobile,
railways, naval architecture, steel, petroleum industry, etc, applications with exposure to extreme
temperature conditions and subjected to stress and exposed to corrosive environment. The most
commonly used type of steel are low carbon steel, High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA), Cold
Rolled Steel and Hot Rolled steel (HRS). The mechanical properties like ductility, strength and
metallurgical properties like microstructure, grain size, etc, influence the properties of the rolled
steels. In this study an effort is made to study the research reported in literature, on the
innovations in processing of low carbon steel through grain refinement and heat treatment to
produce steel possessing good & comparatively mechanical and metallurgical properties.
I want to survey it while comparing the rolling theory that supported the rolling technology with
the progress of the rolling technology in this report as much as possible. As I want to describe it
boldly in spite of my little knowledge for it since I understood writing of this report. I am
grateful if I have the opinion of gentlemen. However, I exclude the rolling theory for wire & rod,
shape steel, and steel pipe from an object on account of the space, and I want you to forgive that
you limited only to the strip rolling.
2.1Trend of Rolling–related Researchand Development:-
At first I survey the rolling-related research and development activity in Japan from the activities
of academic society and institute before surveying the rolling theory. The main rolling
technologies developed in Japan and the amount of crude steel production since 1950 is shown
in addition, the installation of hot strip mills and their capacities are shown together with the
situation of the times and the social condition to deepen your understanding. It is found in that
high ability of mill power of the hot strip mills is well correspond to the increase in the amount
of crude steel production. The mill powers at the time of their new establishment are described
with cross marks, and the ability reinforcement of the hot strip mills of steel companies was
carried out with the increase of production such as high strength steel sheets after 1980,
Hot rolling of stainless steel is one of the most important steps in manufacturing process
regarding surface quality of the product. Stabilized ferritic stainless steels are widely used in
automotive and cosmetic appliances but are also concerned by sticking phenomenon. These
grades, having high dry corrosion and creep resistance, are enriched in specific chemical
elements such as Cr, Nb or Ti, limiting also slab oxidation during hot rolling.

12. 5
Experimental trial is made to produce and manufacture of a low carbon steel bars. Grooved
rolling with different ; passes design, clad rolling temperature, rolling speed, rolling direction
and reduction ratio are employed to investigate clad bars properties experimentally. Tensile test
and microstructure observation was done on the manufactured samples of bars to examine the
rolling conditions on mechanical and microstructure properties; size and shape of bonded line
region, and microstructure of stainless steel and low carbon steel for each conditions. A
comparison with the required specification for low carbon bars was done to choose the best
production parameters. Results, shows that Rolling temperature, rolling direction and reduction
ratio have more effect on bonding zone size and mechanical properties than rolling speed.

13. 6
3. Problem Formulation:-
A wide problem is variety of defects are possible in metal rolling manufacture. Surface defects
commonly occur due to impurities in the material, scale, rust, or dirt, mechanical dissimilarity,
uncertainty ,Adequate surface preparation with analysis of mechanical behavior prior to the
metal rolling operation can help avoid these. Most serious internal defects are caused by
improper material distribution, microstructure and metallurgy in the final product. Defects such
as edge cracks, center cracks, and wavy edges, etc. are all common with this method of metal
forming.
It is important that the major portion of the deformation zone of a working stand in a wide hot
strip mill be occupied by a stick zone,which is characterzed by the absence of relative slip of the
strip-roll contact surfaces. Sticking appears in the portion of the deformation zone where
tangential contact stresses and pure shear resistance of the strip material.

14. 7
4. Objective
The purpose of the following research is to solve the problem related to the mechanical unlike
mechanical behavior of low carbon steel hot rolled products. To achieve this objective the
equipment and current standard operating practice has been analyzed, in order to understand
which parameters are linked to the problem. The attainment of this objective would result in an
improvement in quality and a significant cost savings due to the reduction in the number of
rejected plates, and energy consumption. The objective can be considered achieved only after the
drafting of a new standard operating procedure able to solve the problem without any reduction
in output.
The aim of this work is to evaluate the mechanical data of forming of hot-rolled steel plate
(sheet) of low carbon steel in attempt to determine the mechanical behavior characteristics of the
final product.
This experimental should get acquainted with the basic terms, which will form
the basis in subsequent studies of this subject. The object should be able to:
 Define the basic concepts related to the deformation behaviour of
materials;
 Describe mechanisms of a plastic deformation;
 Define basic differences between the strengthening and softening of
materials;
 Explain the basic difference between hot and cold forming

15. 8
5. Material and Methodology:-
5.1 Materials:-
Starting materials with sample of low carbon steel of specific initial dimensions of which were
obtained from the rolling mills firm. The compositions of material would presented.
5.2. Methodology:-
Sample of low carbon steel have to purchased from a local market located in Allahabad. All
specimens of mild steel of dimensions a× b× c mm was cut using power hacksaw. The chemical
composition of the mild steel sample was determined as given by Standard tensile and impact
specimens were made from ASTM Low carbon steel sample using lathe machine. Samples were
subjected to different heat treatment: annealing, normalizing, hardening, and
in accordance to ASM International Standards and Mechanical Properties Testing like Tesile,
Impact,Roughness,Hardness etc. Heat treated specimens were tested for mechanical properties.
The heat treatment conditions are listed in Four specimens were prepared for each heat treatment
type.
The low carbon steel plate were charged into the furnace and heated to the rolling temperatures
in the range 1150 C– 1250 C. They were then rolled into specific diameters of rebars . Rolling
cycles of steel billets, in three sets of six samples each, were investigated in the final instance
thus: first set of six samples each inspected at rolling strain rates will be shown and constant
finish temperature, changing deformations to values, Second set of six samples each were
inspected at the above same strain rates and constant finish temperature value, changing
deformations as in the above. Final rolled samples each were inspected at the above same rolling
strain rates, and constant finish rolling temperature, while changing to % total deformations
respectively. At the end of the rolling, samples were collected from each set and taken to the
laboratory for following tests and measurements.
5.3 Experiments:-
The material used in the experiments was low carbon steel, whose composition in weight
percentage as per chemical composition table. The experimental rolling was made at hot strip
mill. Three parameters for the process of hot strips rolling were chosen, in a slab thickness, water

16. 9
flow of interstand cooling , and applied oil flow in roll gap lubrication system . The values for
each parameter are described. The final rolling temperature was approximately 850 °C and the
coiling temperature was approximately 660 °C. The rolled strips had the following final
dimensions for the transversal section: a thickness of mm and a width in mm. The remaining
parameters for the process were not modified
5.4Determination of mechanical properties:-
Mechanical properties (hardness, tensile strength, toughness, yield strength, elongation and percentage of
elongation) of the treated and untreated samples are determined using standard methods. For hardness
testing, oxide layers formed during heat treatment were removed by stage-wise grinding and then
polished. Average Rockwell Hardness Number (BHN) readings were determined by taking two hardness
readings at different positions on the samples, using a Standard Rockwell hardness tester and tensile test
using universal testing machine. Impact energy was recorded using the Izod impact tester. For tensile
properties, tensile specimens were loaded into a 2000 kg Mosanto Tensiometer hooked up to a data
logger. Load-elongation data were recorded and converted into stress-strain graphs. Yield strength,
ultimate (tensile) strength, Young’s modulus and ductility (% elongation and reduction) are determined
based on these graphs, in accordance with ASTM standard test procedures
Effect of Rolling Parameters on Mechanical Properties
Reduction Ratio
the samples of tensile tests, fabricated at (900, 1100 and 1200)°C and rolling speed with different
reduction ratio. It is clear that the behavior of SCR bars become more ductile ,that the yield point
is despaired except for 900oC, this behavior due to increasing annealing time; time required to
reach temperature from finishing rolling temperature to room temperature; for samples of
1100oC and 1200oC which would be more ductile, recrystilisation and released from most
residual stress comes from clad rolling process.
Reduction ratio calculated as:
R= Ai-Ao/Ai *100 where Ai , Ao : Cross area of input and output stoke respectively.
(i) Yield Stress :The yield stress of SCR bars during clad rolling process, depend on the
strain rate value (reduction and rolling speed) and rolling temperature, it can be seen
that the yield stress was improved at constant temperature. The improvement can be
attributed to the grain refinement and the raise in the dislocation.
(ii) Ultimate Strength: The ultimate strength has same behavior of yield stress when
changing reduction ratio and temperature. The present pearlite consequence

17. 10
increasing in ultimate strength that it is more founding in 1200oC and reduce with
lower temperature.
(iii) Rolling Speed:- It is clear from table 3 that yield stress and ultimate strength nearly
have slight change with rolling speed specially at 1200°C. Since rolling speeds affect
mainly the finishing temperature .The major effect appear in 900oC
Mechanical Testing of Specimen:-
After rolling, specimen samples were machined for standard mechanical testing. Data obtained
from testing concern mechanical (tensile strength, yield strength) and plastic (elongation)
behavior (of the final product), as well as impact energy providing information about impact
strength.
(a)Tensile Test:-
The heat treated specimens and as-rolled medium carbon steel were tested in tension to failure
on the tensometer. The initial guage length and diameter were measured before subjecting them
to tension. The yield and maximum loads were recorded directly from the resulted graph, the
broken ends of each of the specimens were fitted and the final guage length and also the smallest
diameter of the local neck were measured. The reading thus obtained were used in the
determination of the yield strength , ultimate tensile strength , percentage elongation
(%E) and Yield Ratio (YR)
(b) Impact test:-
Representative sample of as-rolled specimens and heat-treated specimens were subjected to
impact test on an Izod V-Notch impact testing machine. The pendulum of the machine is allowed
to swing freely through a known angle, some energy was used to break the specimen, the energy
was recorded directly on the scale attached to the machine.
(c) Bendability test
(d) Hardness test:- The hardness of as-rolled specimens and heat-treated specimens were
measured with the aid of Rockwell hardness tester (Indentec, 2007 model). This machine
measures the resistance to penetration by measuring the depth of impression and the hardness is
indicated directly on the scale attached to the machine

18. 11
Heat Treatments:-
For annealing: In this case the specimen was put in the furnace for
910°C and we kept it in this situation for approximately 70 minutes.
After that it was cooled in a heap of ashes so that it was cooled down at
a very slow rate.
For hardening: In this case the specimen was put in the furnace for
910°C and we kept it in this situation for approximately 30 minutes.
After that it was cooled in water so that it was cooled down very quickly.
For normalizing: In this case the specimen was put in the furnace
for 910°C and we kept it in this situation for approximately 70 minutes.
After that it was cooled in room temperature (Air).
For tempering: In this case the specimen was put in the furnace
for 450°C and we kept it in this situation for approximately 70 minutes.
After that it was cooled in room temperature (Air).
Effect of heat treatment & experimental mechanical testing on mechanical properties:-
The effect of heat treatment (annealing, normalising, hardening, and tempering) on the
mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, hardness, toughness, percentage elongation, and
percentage reduction) of the treated and untreated samples is determined. The function of
annealing is to restore ductility and also removes internal stresses but its Brinell Hardness
Number is less than hardening because here carbon get more time to react with oxygen in the
atmosphere for slow cooling rate. The function of hardening is to increase the hardness of the
specimen and so its Brinell hardness number is larger than annealing and normalizing because
here carbon cannot get more time to react with oxygen (for quick cooling rate), so carbon is
trapped with the specimen and formed martensite.

19. 12
References:-
[1] D. Angelova, R. Yordanova, A. Georgiev, S. Yankova, University of Chemical Technology
and Metallurgy, Bulgaria, On monitoring of mechanical characteristics of
hot rolled S355J2 steel” D. Angelova et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 37 (2016) 265-
271; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.37.35
[2] Peter U. Nwachukwu*, Oluleke O. Oluwole Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Effects of rolling process parameters on the
mechanical properties of hot-rolled St60Mn steel, Case Studies in Construction Materials 6
(2017) 134–146
[3] JOHN R. FREEMAN, Jr., Physicist A. T. DERRY, Associate Physicist, Bureau of Standards,
effect of hot-rolling conditions on the physical properties of
A carbon steel,technologic papers of the bureau of standards, no. 267 [part of vol. 18]
[4] Mujtaba Al.Mudhaffara* Nathera A. Salehb Asmaa Aassyc , Mechanical and heat
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Stellenbosch, South Africa
[5] Hasan MF* Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Khulna University of
Engineering and Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh, Analysis of Mechanical Behavior and
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[6] Sergio de Oliveira Lima Júniora, Júlio Cezar Bellona, Paulo Antônio de Souza
Júniorb,d,Fernando Gabriel da Silva Araújoc, André Barros Cota Physics Departament -
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