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DISPOSAL OF WASTES
- 1. DISPOSAL OF WASTES GUIDED BY: Dr. SUSHRIT
- 2. SOLID WASTES Presented by: Ramakrishna
- 3. OVERVIEW • What is solid waste? • Why it should be disposed? • Sources of refuse, storage, collection • Methods of disposal • Public education • Economics and finance • International cooperation
- 4. WHAT ARE SOLID WASTES? •GARBAGE •RUBBISH •DEMOLITION PRODUCTS •SEWAGE TREATMENT RESIDUE •DEAD ANIMALS, MANURE AND OTHER DISCARDED MATERIALS
- 5. WHY IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED? •To prevent health hazards •To maintain hygiene and cleanliness If allowed to accumulate: •Favours fly breeding •Attracts rodents and vermin •Vector for pathogen •Possibility of water and soil pollution •Bad odour
- 6. SOURCES OF REFUSE •Street refuse •Market refuse •Stable litter •Industrial refuse •Domestic refuse
- 7. STORAGE • Galvanized steel dust bin • Capacity; number of users & frequency of collection • Output per capita in india; 1/10 to 1/20 c.Ft • ‘‘Paper sack’’ • Public bins; large number; elevated platform; municipalities.
- 9. COLLECTION • House to house collection • Majority; other than house to house • Public bins • Army of sweepers; ultimate disposal • The environmental hygiene committee • “Dustless refuse collector”
- 11. METHODS OF DISPOSAL • DUMPING • CONTROLLED TIPPING • INCINERATION • COMPOSTING • MANURE PITS • BURIAL
- 12. DUMPING • Dumped in low lying areas • Decomposed and converted to humus; kolkata • Drawbacks: • Flies and rodents • Bad smell and unslighlty appearance • Dispersed by wind • Drainage; pollution of surface and ground water.
- 13. According to who: “Most insanitary method that creates Public health hazards and nuiscence And severe pollution of environment’’
- 14. CONTROLLED TIPPING • Most satisfactory method • Trench or prepared area; covered • With earth • “Modified sanitary landfill”; once or twice a week • 3 methods: • Trench method • Ramp method • Area method
- 15. TRENCH METHOD •LEVEL GROUND •2-3 m DEEP AND 4-12 m WIDE •1 ACRE OF LAND FOR 10,000 POPULATION
- 18. AREA METHOD • Depressed land; disused quarries • Clay pits • Refuse filled; 2-2.5 m • Mud covered at least 30 cm thick • Disadvantage: • Supplemental earth from outside • Sources
- 20. INCINERATION • Burning • Suitable land not available • Hospital waste; biohazard • Disadvantage: • Loss of manure • Limited application in india
- 21. COMPOSTING • Combined disposal; refuse, night soil • Bacterial action; humus like material • Compost; free of disease causing • Organisms • Soil builder; nutrients (nitrates and • Phosphates) • Methods: • Bangalore method (anaerobic) • Mechanical composting (aerobic)
- 22. BANGALORE METHOD • Also known as hot fermentation process • Satisfactory method; town waste & • Nightsoil • Measurements: • 90 cm deep, 1.5-2.5 m broad, 4.5-10 m long • Pits should be located ½ mile away from • City limits • 7 days; bacterial action; 60 degree C • Pathogenic organisms destroyed
- 25. MECHANICAL COMPOSTING • Large scale processing of raw materials • Steps: • Clearing of salvagable materials • Grinded; size less than 2 inches • Refuse mixed with sewage, sludge • 4-6 weeks
- 27. • Rural areas; effective and simple • Refuse thrown around the houses • Pollution of soil • Garbage, cattle dung, leaves • Covered with earth daily • 5-6 months; converted to manure MANURE PITS
- 29. BURIAL • Suitable for small camps • 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep • Refuse covered with 20-30 cm of earth • After 4-6 months; fields
- 30. PUBLIC EDUCATION • Cleanliness outside their homes • Municipalities; cheapest solution • By methods of health education • Pamphlets, newspapers, broadcasting • Films etc.
- 31. ECONOMICS AND FINANCE • Capital requirement; efficient disposal • Industrialised countries • 20% of budget
- 32. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION • ISWA-1970; to improve sanitation • WHO; evaluate waste disposal