Waste production is one of the major human activities affecting environmental quality.

1. DISPOSAL OF WASTE
AB.RAJAR.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.
COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCES.
MUHAMMAD MEDICAL COLLEGE.

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES.
• Introduction.
• Types of waste (refuse).
• Sources of waste (refuse)
• Methods of collection and disposable of waste (refuse).
• Public health importance of waste (refuse).

3. INTRODUCTION
 Waste production is one of the major human activities affecting
environmental quality.
 The exploitation of natural resources is driven by a society’s need for
socio-economic development within the global market & basic
individual level requirements to maintain a standard of living.
 These driving forces have increased the tendency of waste produced
or the effects of this exploitation of resources.
 Therefore actions that contribute to waste production are
attributable to both poor & rich alike & are threat to quality of life for
future generations.

4. INTRODUCTION(cont..)
oThe production of waste is a consequence of human activity, waste is
produced as a result of:
“-Mining,
-Energy production,
-Manufacturing,
-Domestic activities.”
oThe waste is produced in a number of forms like,air,solid or liquid, any of
which may be hazardous.
oEach type of waste needs to be dealt with in the best practicable way in
order to minimize the effects on the environment & on the health.

5. SOLID WASTE
• The term “solid wastes", includes:
• Garbage (food wastes)
• Rubbish ( paper,plastics,wood,metal,throw-away containers, glass),
• Demolition products ( bricks,masonry,pipes),
• Sewage treatment residue (sludge& solids from the coarse screening of
domestic sewage)
• And Dead animals, manure and other discarded material.

6. TYPES OF WASTE
1) Non Hazardous waste:
1) Refuse, garbage, sludge, municipal trash.
2) Hazardous waste:
1) Solvents acid, heavy metals, pesticides, and chemical sludge
3) Radioactive Waste:
1) High and low-level radioactive waste
4) Mixed waste:
1) Radioactive organic liquids, radio active heavy metals. ” ( Moeller, 2005).

7. TERMANOLOGY
• WASTE/REFUSE:
 The term is applied to unwanted or discarded waste material from
houses,street,sweeping,commercial,industrial & agricultural operations,
arising from man’s activities.
• RUBBISH:
It comprises paper,clothing,bits of wood,metal,glass,dust & dirt etc.
• GARBAGE:
The waste mater arising from the preparation, cooking & consumption of
food, consisting of waste food, vegetable peelings & other organic matter.

8. TERMANOLOGY(cont…)
 SEWAGE:
 Waste water consisting of liquid & solid human excreta together with liquid
from cow shed stables,houses,factories etc,carried out in a sewer.
 SULLAGE:
 Waste water from houses unmixed with solid excreta as from kitchen, pantry
& bath rooms.
 SLUDGE:
 Solid component of sewage left at the bottom of a septic tank.
 SANITATION:
 The means of collecting & disposing of excreta & community liquid waste in
a hygienic way so as not to endanger the health of individuals & the
community as a whole.

10. SOURCES
Domestic refuse:
Ash,Rubbish,Garbage etc.
Street refuse:
Leaves,straw,paper,animal droppings etc.
Market refuse:
Vegetable & animal matters etc.
Clinical refuse
Industrial/Trade/Commercial refuse.
Agricultural refuse.

12. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
INSANITARY METHODS
• 1. Hog feeding
• 2. Dumping
SANITARY METHODS
• 1. Sanitary landfill/ Controlled
tipping
• 2. Composting
• 3. Incineration
• 4. Manure pits
• 5. Burial
• 6. Biogas plant

13. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
• In PAKISTAN the principal methods of solid waste disposable are:
1. DUMPING & FILLING:
2. COMPOSITING:
3. Controlled tipping (or) sanitary landfill:
4. INCINERATION:
5. MANURE PITS:
6. BURIAL:
7. DESRUCTORS:

14. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
 This practice varies from country to country, depending on many factors,
including the resources available.
 Waste management varies b/w high & low income countries.
 The main difference is organization, for instance, there is a formalized
process of collection of waste in low & middle income countries. Another
difference is the use of resource technology.

15. INSANITARY METHODS
1. HOG FEEDING:
• The garbage is fed to animals, carful supervision is necessary.
• Disadvantages:
• Can spread many diseases to man, when uncooked garbage is fed to hogs,
such as trichinosis, hog cholera, food and mouth diseases.

16. INSANITARY METHODS
2. DUMPING
– Refuse dumped in low lying areas
– Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of refuse which is gradually
converted into humus
Disadvantages:
• Smell
• Unsightly appearance
• Free access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc.
• Dispersal by wind
• Pollution of surface and ground water

17. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)
2.DUMPING & FILLING:
Refuse is dumped in low lying areas partly as a method of reclamation of land
but mainly as an easy method of disposal of dry refuse
 Advantage:
A. It will fill up the depressions.
 Disadvantages:
A. Refuse is exposed to flies & rodents.
B. Sources of nuisance from the smell & unsightly appearance.
C. The loose refuse is dispersed by wind.
D. WHO Committee considered dumping as a “a most insanitary Method of disposal
that creates public health hazards, a nuisance & sever pollution of the
environment". So dumping should be outlawed & replaced by sound procedures.

18. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)
3) CONTROLLED TIPPING (OR) SANITARY LANDFILL:
It is the most satisfactory method of refuse disposal where Suitable land is
available.
Three methods are used:
1. The trench method.
2. The ramp method.
3. The area method.

19. Controlled tipping (or) sanitary landfill:
1. Trench method
– Level ground
– Trenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deep
– Refuse is compacted and then covered with excavated earth.
2. Ramp method – Sloping terrain.
3. Area method
– Land depressions, disused quarries, pits
– May need soil from outside sources to cover the compacted refuse

20. 4.COMPOSITING:
 Compositing is a method of combined disposal of refuse & night soil or sludge.
 It is a natural process in which organic matter breaks down-results in the
formation of Humus like material called as Compost a high manurial value for the
Soil.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)

21. 5.INCINERATION:
 Refuse can be disposed off hygienically by burning or incineration.
 Hospital refuse which is dangerous should be disposed off by incineration.
ADVANTAGES:
• Suitable for areas where land is not available for sanitary landfill
• Example: Hospitals.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Expensive
• No useful by-product
• Air pollution
METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)

22. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)
6.MANURE PITS:
• In rural areas there is no system for collection & disposal of refuse.
• The garbage, cattle dung, straw & leaves should be dumped into the
manure Pits & covered with earth after each day’s dumping.

23. 6.BURIAL:
• This method is suitable for small camps.
• A trench is excavated & the refuse is dumped in it.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)

24. 7.DESRUCTORS:
 The town refuse is destroyed in a destructor & the residual Clinker
is crushed & manufactured into:
• Paving slabs,
• Bricks,
• Mortar
• Other saleable products.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)

25. 8.DILUTION:
 Refuse is also disposed of by diluting in the river or sea water.
 Improper disposal may be harmful to aquatic life & to humans when they use the
water or consume fish.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE(cont..)

26. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL OUT IN THE STREETS OR PONDS

27. METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL
A.UNSEWERED AREAS:
1.SERVICE TYPE(Conservancy system).
2.NON-SERVICE TYPE(Sanitary latrines
3.LATRINES FOR TEMPORARY USE/CAMS.

28. A.UNSEWERED AREAS:
1.SERVICE TYPE(Conservancy system).
a. Night soil is collected from pail or bucket type Of latrines by human
agency,& later disposed of.
METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL

29. • A.UNSEWERED AREAS:
2.NON-SERVICE TYPE(Sanitary latrines
• a)Bore-hole latrine.
• b)Dug well or pit latrines.
• c)Water-seal type of latrines.
• d)Septic tank.
METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL

30. • A.UNSEWERED AREAS:
3.LATRINES FOR TEMPORARY USE/CAMS.
a)Shallow Trench latrines.
b)Deep Trench latrines.
c)Pit latrine.
d)Chemical closet.
METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL

31. METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL(cont..)
B.SEWERED AREAS:
1.Water-carriage system.
• This system implies collecting & transporting of human excreta & waste water
from residential, commercial & industrial areas by a network of underground
pipes called sewers to the place of ultimate disposal.
Elements of Water Carriage System.
1) Water closet,
2) Cistern,
3) Trap,
4) Water-seal,
5) Soil pipe,
6) House drain,
7) Sewer,

32. WASTE MANAGEMENT
 “SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is based on meeting the goals & needs of
the present generations without compromising the needs of future
generations.”
 There it is not appropriate simply to keep disposing off waste in various
ways. Clear methods for waste management need to be in
place,determinig how to reduce it or process it in the best practicable way.

33. TREATMENT OF WASTE/SEWAGE
 WASTE MANAGEMENT: This is defined as any method, technique or process
that Is designed to change the physical, chemical or biological character or
composition of a (hazardous) waste.
 Ideally this will act to neutralize it, recover unexploited energy, render it less
hazardous or make it safer to transport, store or dispose off.
 OBJECTIVES:
 Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream(treated
effluent) & a solid waste(treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse(fertilizer).

34. Waste treatment and disposal
WASTE TREATMENT
• Incineration
• Solidification
• Heat treatment:
• Chemical treatment
WASTE DISPOSAL
• Landfills
• Underground injection wells
• Waste piles
• land treatment
• In less developed countries
flowing rivers

35. TREATMENT OF WASTE/SEWAGE(cont..)
• TYPES:
1.Primary treatment:
 It consist of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy
solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease & lighter solids float to the
surface.
• Screening,
• Removal of girt in girt chamber,
• Primary Sedimentation.

36. TREATMENT OF WASTE/SEWAGE(cont..)
• TYPES:
2.SECONDRAY TREATMENT:
 It removes dissolved & suspended biological matter.
• Artificial biological treatment,
• Secondary sedimentation,
• Digestion of sludge.

37. 3.Tertiary treatment;
 Treated water is disinfected chemically or physically prior to discharge
into a stream,river,or wetland,etc or it can be used For the irrigation.
TREATMENT OF WASTE/SEWAGE(cont..)

38. TREATMENT OF WASTE/SEWAGE(cont..)
4.Disinfection:
 Chlorination is required where effluents are to be discharged into waters used
for shellfish growing, drinking or bathing.

39. The waste water being utilized for irrigation

40. WASTE HEIRARCHY
o By waste hierarchy we mean that “Priority is placed on the Re-use & recycling of
waste rather than its disposal”.
o The waste hierarchy ensures an integrated approach to waste Management
policy or decision making. Each decision is based On the most environmentally
sound way to deal with waste.
-Reduce,
-Re-use,
-Recycle,
-Energy recovery,
-Disposal.

41. WASTE HEIRARCHY
Reduce
Re-Use
Recycle
Energy
Recover
Disposal

42. WASTE HEIRARCHY (cont…)
• RECYCLING IS OF TWO TYPES.
• 1.Primary or closed loop recycling:
• In this post consumer materials such as glass, paper, metals, & plastics are
collected & recycled to create new products of the same type, like newspaper
into newspaper, plastic into plastic can. This method can reduce the use of virgin
materials in the product by 20-90%.
2) Secondary or open loop recycling:-
• It reduces the use of virgin material by 25%. In this system the waste material is
converted into different products, for e.g., polypropylene ice-cream containers
are re-manufactured as clothes pegs or rubbish bins.

43. DEALING WITH MATERIALS USE AND WASTES
1st Priority 2nd Priority Last Priority
Primary Pollution
and Waste Prevention
• Change industrial
process to eliminate
use of harmful
chemicals
• Purchase different
products
• Use less of a harmful
product
• Reduce packaging and
materials in products
• Make products that
last longer and are
recyclable, reusable or
easy to repair
Secondary Pollution
and Waste Prevention
• Reduce products
• Repair products
• Recycle
• Compost
• Buy reusable and
recyclable products
Waste Management
• Treat waste to reduce
toxicity
• Incinerate waste
• Bury waste in
landfill
• Release waste into
environment for
dispersal or dilution

44. • PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE:
• Human excreta are a source of infection & are an important cause of environmental
pollution. Every society has responsibility for its safe removal & disposal so that it does
not constitute a threat to public health.
• THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF IMPROPER EXCRETA DISPOSAL ARE:
• Soil pollution,
• Water pollution,
• Contamination of food,
• Propagation of flies.
• Proper disposal of human excreta is a fundamental environmental Health service
without which there can not be any improvement in the of community health.
EXCRETA DISPOSAL

45. WASTE PREVENTION/MINIMIZATION
 If we do not allow waste to accumulate ,then it becomes a very hazardous
environmental & health problem b/c:
Waste decomposes & favors fly breeding.
It attracts rodents, vermin (bugs, lice, fleas)
The pathogens which may be present in the solid waste may be conveyed
back in man’s food through flies & dust.
There is possibility of water & soil pollution.
Heaps of refuse present & poor appearance & nuisance from bad odor
The overall atmosphere & ecosystem may be disturbed which might affect
the health of the individual.

46. WASTE PREVENTION/MINIMIZATION(cont…)
• There is a co-relation b/w improper disposal of solid wastes & incidence of
vector-born diseases.
• Therefore in all civilized countries, there is an efficient system for its periodic
collection, removal & final disposal without risk to health.
• Waste prevention aims to reduce the amount of waste generated in the first
place.
• By reducing or removing the presence of hazardous substances in waste
materials, it also leads to a simplification of disposal practices.

47. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE ON ANIMALS AND AQUATICS LIFE
• Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the
rivers.
• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds
• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
• Degrades water and soil quality

48. Impacts of solid waste on Environment.
• Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse
gas
• Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste
biodegradable
• Littering,(litter=a vehicle with caution carried by men or bearers) due
to waste pollutions, illegal dumping.
• Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground
water and contaminating them.

49. THANK YOU, AND LETS STRIVE
TOGETHER
TO KEEP OUR CHILDREN
SMILING