2. Definition
➢ Cold chain is a logistic system that provides a
series of facilities for maintaining ideal storage
conditions for perishables from the point of origin to
the point of consumption.
➢Extend and ensure the shelf life of products
➢Retains the longevity of product characteristics, active
ingredients, freshness, nutritive value.
https://www.cantekgroup.com/Citrus-Cold-Storage-
Room
9. Cold supply chain logistic process
(continue...)
• Pre-cooling facilities
• Cold Storages
• Refrigerated Carriers
• Packaging
• Warehousing
• Information Management systems (Traceability and
Tracking etc.)
10. Precooling
• Precooling is defined as the removal of field
heat from freshly harvested produce in order to
slow down metabolism and reduce
deterioration prior to transport or storage.
11. Players of cold chain
Snowman
Carriers
Crystal
Refcon
Bulkani deep freeze
Glacio cold chain
GATI (Kausar)
R.K. Foodland
Trans cold chain
Sensitech
Fresh &
Healthy(Concor)
Weber distribution
Apollo Everest Kool
Solutions
And Many more
12. Drivers to Cold Chain
Infrastructure
• Growth in organized retail
• Shift towards horticulture crops (medicinal plants,
mushroom, algae, non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees and
plants)
• Growth in processed food sector
• Demand from pharmaceuticals sector
• Government initiatives
• Creation of agri-export zones (AEZs)
• Private sector initiatives
13. The most common Temperature Standards
• Banana (13 °C) ,Chill (2 °C) ,Frozen (-18 °C) ,Deep Frozen (-29 °C)
• (-28 °C to -30 °C) Deep freeze — seafood, meat exports.
• (-16 °C to -20 °C) Frozen — meat, certain types of produce.
• (2 °C to 4 °C) Chill — fruit & vegetables, fresh meat, certain dairy
products.
• (2 °C to 8 °C) Pharma — medicines, vaccines.
• (12 °C to 14 °C) Cool-chain — fresh produce, processed food,
over-the-counter drugs.
• https://www.roambee.com/cold-chain-logistics-management-and-monitoring-an-ultimate-guide
15. Dry ice
➢Solid carbon dioxide, is about -80°C and is capable of
keeping a shipment frozen for an extended period of
time.
➢It’s used for the shipping of pharmaceuticals,
dangerous goods and foodstuffs.
➢Dry ice does not melt, instead it sublimates when it
comes in contact with air.
➢Its advantages include lower temperature than that of
water ice and not leaving any residue.
16. Gel packs
➢Gel packs are used to
Chilled products like
Pharmaceutical and
Medicinal product
shipments.
18. Liquid Nitrogen
➢Liquid nitrogen is an especially cold substance, of
about -196°C.
➢It is used to keep packages frozen over a long
period of time.
➢Its mainly used to transport biological cargo such
as tissues and organs.
19. Quilts
➢It’s an insulated pieces that are placed over or
around freight to act as buffer.
➢Its used to keep Freight frozen for a longer time
period.
20. Reefers
➢It’s a Generic name for a temperature controlled
container, which can be a van, small truck, a semi
or a standard ISO container.
➢Perishable or temperature sensitive items are
carried in refrigerated containers (called "reefers").
21. Challenges in cold supply chain
➢Rising Real Estate Cost
➢High Investment
➢Location for Cold Storage
➢Lack of Proper Infrastructure
➢High Energy Cost
➢Uneven Distribution of Capacity
➢The cold storages present in India can cater to single
commodities only
➢Longer Payback Period
22. Quality Control Measures
• Deploying temperature-controlled vehicles
• Maintaining temperature during transport
• Defined pick-up and delivery times
• Better handling procedures
• Mechanized handling equipment to reduce
damages
24. Cold Chain in Pharma
• The ‘cold chain’ is the system of
transporting and storing vaccines at
recommended temperature from the
point of manufacture to the point of
use.
Manufacturer
Distributor
Vaccine
Depots
Provider
office
Client
25. Why is the cold chain important ?
1. Vaccines are:
▪ Biological products
▪ lose potency with time
▪ Process irreversible and
accelerated if proper storage
conditions are not adhered
to.
2. Assurance in potent
product and vaccine
programmes
▪ Professional responsibility
✓ Confident the vaccines you give will
be effective
▪ Public Health responsibility
✓ Public confidence in immunisation
programmes
3. Ensuring maximum benefit from
immunisations
▪Responsibility not to waste scarce
resources
▪Reduce wastage from errors
4.Compliance with
Manufacturer
▪Any vaccine that has not been
stored at a temperature of 2-8ºC
as per its licensing conditions is no
longer a licensed product
27. 1.Walk in cold rooms(WIC)
▪At regional level
▪Storage up to 3 months
▪At district & PHC levels
▪Temp :- -15oc to -25oc
▪At PHC, used only for the
preparation of ice packs
2.Deep freezers
28. 3.Ice lined refrigerators(ILR)
▪Both at district and PHC
levels
▪Temp :- +2oc to +8oc
▪ILR’s are top opening, can
hold cold air inside better
than front opening
refrigerators
30. ▪Used for transport of vaccines
▪Fully frozen ice packs placed at the
bottom and sides
▪DPT, TT, DT should not be kept in direct
contact
1.Cold boxes
▪Used to carry small quantity of vaccines(16
to 20 vials)
▪For out of reach sessions
▪4 icepacks are used
2.Vaccine
carriers
31. 3.Day carriers
▪Used to carry very small quantities
of vaccines(6 to 8 vials)
▪For a near by session
▪2 icepacks are used
▪For only 2 hours period
32. Vaccine Vial Monitor(VVM)
VVM is a label containing heat sensitive
material that is placed on a vaccine vial to
register heat exposure over time
Vaccine vial
monitor
33. Stage 1
• Inner square
lighter than
outer circle
Stage 2
• Inner square still
lighter than
outer circle
Stage 3
• Color of inner
square matches
the outer circle
Stage 4
• Color of inner
square darker
than outer circle
✓Combined effects of time and temperature
cause the inner square to darken gradually and
irreversibly
