This is the slide for Occupational Health. And it this is taken from Medicos PDF app. This App is available in google playstore.

1. OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH

2. DEFINITION
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree
of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working
conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse
to health.

3. • the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to
his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.
-The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1950

4. OBJECTIVES
According to the joint ILO/WHO committee on occupational health:
Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations.
Prevention among workers, of departures from health, caused by their working conditions.
Protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to
health.
Placing and maintenance of the workers in an occupational environment adapted to his
physiological and psychological equipment.

5. TO ACHIEVETHESE GENERAL AIMS, IT IS NECESSARY
TO SERVE THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES:
• Identify all the hazardous condition which might be there in work place.
• Plan and implement protective and control measures to deal with identified hazardous conditions in
work place.
• Ensure that the physical and psychological demands imposed on workers by their respective jobs are
properly matched with their individual anatomical, physical and psychological needs, capabilities and
limitations.
• Provide effective services to protect those who are especially vulnerable to adverse working conditions.
• Provide effective services to workers who are incapacitated for any reason to rehabilitate them as soon
as possible.

6. • OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

7. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
• Heat and cold
• Light
• Noise
•Vibration
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Ionizing radiation

8. HEAT
The direct effects are
• Burns
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke
• Heat cramps
The indirect effects are
• Decreased efficiency, • Increased fatigue • Enhanced accident rates.

9. COLD
• Chilblains
• Erythrocyanosis
• Immersion foot
• Frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction
• General hypothermia

10. LIGHT
The acute effects of poor illumination are
• Eye strain
• Headache
• Eye pain
• Lacrymation
• Congestion around the cornea
• Eye fatigue.
• The chronic effects on health include "miner's nystagmus"

11. NOISE
(i) Auditory effects
• Temporary or permanent hearing loss
(ii) Non auditory effects
• Nervousness
• Fatigue
• Interference with communication by speech
• Decreased efficiency
• annoyance

12. VIBRATION
• Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and
shoulders.

13. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
• Conjunctivitis
• Keratitis (welder's flash).

14. IONIZING RADIATION
The radiation hazards comprise
• Genetic changes
• Malformation
• Cancer
• Leukaemia
• Depilation
• Ulceration
• Sterility
• in extreme cases death.

15. IONIZING RADIATION
• The International Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum
permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body.

16. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
1)Local Action :
• Dermatitis
• Eczema
• Ulcers
• Cancer by primary irritant action

17. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(2) Inhalation
• Dusts
• Gases
• Metals and their compounds

18. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
• Dusts
Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns.
Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, Indefinitely.
Particles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained
there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.

19. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Classification of dusts
• Inorganic and organic dusts
• Soluble and insoluble dusts.

20. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Gases
• Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen),
• Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine)
• Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether, trichlorethylene).

21. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
• Metals and their compounds
Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus,
chromium, zinc and others

22. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3) Ingestion:
Occupational diseases may also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead,
mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus etc.

23. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Biological hazards in work environment include variety of infective and parasitic agents.
• These may cause variety of diseases e.g., hookworm infestation in farmers and
leptospirosis in miners.
• Workers working in veterinary hospitals and dispensaries, zoo, circus, farming,butchering
houses are exposed to various zoonotic diseases like brucellosis, mycotic infections,
parasitic infections, etc.
• Health personnel working in hospital may contract any infection from their patients such
as tuberculosis, HIV, serum hepatitis, etc.

24. • Mechanical hazards
Mechanical hazards refer to machinal agents such as unprotected machines, their protruding
moving parts, lack of safety measures.
These may cause variety of accidents which may result in partial or permanent disabilities.

25. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
Factors affect health
• Frustration
• Lack of job satisfaction,
• Insecurity
• Poor human relationships,
• Emotional tension

26. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
• The health effects can be classified in two
(a) Psychological and behavioural changes
(b) Psychosomatic ill health

27. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• DISEASE DUETO PHYSICAL AGENT
• Heat
• Cold
• Light
• Pressure
• Noise
• Radiation
• Mechanical factors
• Electricity

28. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICAL AGENT
• Gases
• Dusts (pneumoconiosis)
➢ Inorganic dust: coal dust; silica; asbestos; iron
➢ Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber; cotton dust; tobacco; hay or grain dust
• Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic, chromium.
• Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides
• Solvents: carbon bisulphide, chloroform , benzene

29. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
III. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICAL AGENT
• Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalities, fungal infection.
IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder
V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS
• Dermatitis, eczema
VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN
• Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.

30. SAFETY MEASURES
• Pre-placement or pre-employment examination
• Job training and continuing education
• Periodical health check ups
• Health education and counselling
• Provisions of wholesome environment
• Provision of welfare facilities
• Suitable working hours
• Housing facilities

31. PRE-PLACEMENT OR PRE-EMPLOYMENT EXAMINATION
• The purpose of complete physical and medical examination of workers before
employment is to assess their health in totality, identify any deviation and accordingly do
the needful to fit the job to the worker and worker to the job.
• At times workers may be rejected for the job.
• This way it would ensure employment of healthy employees and also help in treatment of
latent conditions.

32. JOBTRAINING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
• Workers should be given adequate job training and continuing education about their
work environment to improve their abilities and work environment so that they can
adapt to their work environment and can work efficiently.

33. PERIODICAL HEALTH CHECK UPS
• The periodical health check ups for fit and healthy workers is done for early recognition
of any health problems including emotional problems due to occupational exposure to
promote health efficiency of health workers.
• The periodic examinations of some employees are required by law e.g., workers exposed
to radiation, noise, food handler, driver, etc.

34. HEALTH EDUCATION AND COUNSELLING
• The workers need to be imparted health education about various aspects of healthful
living and occupational hazards. Counseling of workers and their family members is also
done to help them to deal with problems related to their occupations and families.

35. PROVISIONS OFWHOLESOME ENVIRONMENT
• It includes consideration of physical, biological and psycho-social aspects of environment.
• Physically, the environment should be adequately lighted, well ventilated, should have
desirable temperature and humidity, washing and toilet facilities.
• The environment should be clean.The environment should also be free from harmful
organisms as far as possible.
• Socially, there should be congenial environment. Efforts should be put in to: encourage
and promote healthy working relationships among workers, between workers and
authority, having satisfying working conditions, etc.

36. PROVISION OFWELFARE FACILITIES
• Welfare facilities which should be provided include insurance against loss of job, illness
and disablement, MCH and family welfare services, first aid, place for meals, rest, changing
room, etc.

37. SUITABLEWORKING HOURS
• It is very important to follow rules for work hours, weekly holidays and earned leaves.

38. HOUSING FACILITIES
• Provision for housing facilities, recreation grounds and clubs, etc. should be there.

39. HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES
• Immunization against specific infective agent such as BCG vaccination against tubercle
bacilli, immunization against Hepatitis B, etc.
• Use of any other device to protect against infective agent such as use of shoes against
hookworm.
• Protection of workers against physical agents by: use of ear plugs and ear muffs for noise
above 85 decibels at frequency above 150 Hz., use of goggles in bright light, shielding
when exposed to ionizing radiation.

40. • Protection against chemical agents by use of face mask to prevent inhalation of chemical
substances; use of suitable clothing, gloves, shoes, aprons, barrier creams for protection of
skin, etc.
• Specific engineering devices e.g., proper designing and construction of work place to
ensure whole-some physical environment; proper designing, lay out and maintenance of
machines to minimize their hazard, etc.
• Health education of workers for specific health protection measures which need to be
implemented by the workers themselves.

41. EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
• Early diagnosis and treatment of various occupational diseases is very essential for
arresting the desease, early recovery, regaining health, preventing any disabilities.

42. DISABILITY LIMITATION AND REHABILITATION
• Disability limitation requires early diagnosis and prompt treatment, rectification of
conditions responsible for occupational health problems.
• If a worker develops any disability due to any occupational hazard, he should be
immediately assigned other suitable job and proper care for disability.
• In case of handicapped, he should be given suitable alternative job and other benefits.

43. ACCIDENTS PREVENTION
• Adequate preplacement examination
• Adequate job training
• Continuing education
• Ensure safe working conditions
• Establishing safety department in the organization under a competent safety engineer.
• Periodic surveys for finding out hazards • Careful reporting

44. HEALTH PROBLEM DUETO INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Environmental sanitation problems
• Communicable disease
• Food sanitation
• Mental health
• Accidents and social problems
• Morbidity and mortality

45. MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION OFWORKERS
• Nutrition
• Communicable disease control
• Environmental sanitation
• Mental health
• Measures for women and children
• Health education
• Family planning

46. ERGONOMICS
DEFINITION
• Ergonomics is the study of men at work with a view to identify stress factors operating
in work environments and impairing the physical, mental and psychological health of
workers and interfering with their work performance.