প্রাকিতিক ও জৈব চাষ ২০২৩

2. পাট ভিভিক ফসল
প্রণালীতে প্রাক
ৃ ভেক ও
জৈব চাষ ক
ৃ
भाक
ृ अनुप - क
े न्द्रीय पटसन एवं समवर्गीय रेशा अनुसंधान संस्थान
ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres
ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified Institute
(An autonomous organisation under DARE, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GoI)
Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700121
রাৈীব ক
ু মার দে
প্রধান জবজ্ঞাভনক

3. মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী শ্রী নরেন্দ্র মমাদি 2019 সারেে স্বাধীনতা
দিবরস োে মেল্লাে প্রাচীে মেরে জাদতে উরেরে ভাষণ
মিওয়াে সময় বরেদিরেন,
1. “আমরা দেিাতব রাসায়ভনক সার এবং কীটনাশক
বযবহার করভি, ো মাটটর স্বাতযযর ক্ষভে করতি।
2. এেজন ে
ৃ ষে দিরসরব, এই মাটিে সন্তান দিরসরব এে
স্বারযেে ক্ষদত েোে অদধোে আমাে মনই।
3. আমাে ভােত মারে িুঃখ মিওয়াে অদধোে আমাে মনই
এবং তারে অসয েোে অদধোেও আমাে মনই।
4. আমো খব েীঘ্রই আমারিে স্বাধীনতাে 75 বিে পূণ ণেেব।
5. শ্ররেয় বাপ আমারিে পে মিদখরয়রিন। আমারিে দে
আমারিে মক্ষরত োসায়দনে সারেে বেবিাে 10% বা 20%
বা 25% েমারনা উদচত নয় এবং যদি সম্ভব িয় তরব
আমারিে দে মক্তি অদভযান (অদভযান) চাে েো উদচত
নয়?
6. এটট হতব ৈাভের ৈনয একটট মহান দসবা। এটট হতব

4. নযাচারাল ফভম ম
ং হল একটট ক
ৃ ভষ পদ্ধভে দেখাতন
প্রাক
ৃ ভেক উপাোন বযবহার কতর ফসল উৎপােন করা
হয়।
এই পদ্ধভেতে প্রধানেঃ ক
ৃ ষকরা যানীয় উপাোন
বযবহার কতর সুষম মাটটর মতধয ভবভিন্ন প্রকাতরর
পভরষ্কার কাব ম
ন উৎস জেভর কতর ো পভরতবশ ও মানব
স্বাতযযর উন্নয়তন সহায়ো কতর।
নযাচারাল ফভম ম
ং ক
ৃ ভষতে দকাতনা জৈব বা রাসায়ভনক
উপাোন বযবহার করা হয় না এবং দস প্রাক
ৃ ভেক
উপাোন বযবহার কতর ো প্রক
ৃ ভেতে পাওয়া োয়, দেমন
দ াবর, জৈব সার, কতপাস্ট, আবহাওয়ায় ফ
ু তট আসা
ৈীব ও সূতে ম
র োপ এবং বৃটির ৈল।
এই পদ্ধভেতে বাভণজ্ৈযক ক
ৃ ভষর দচতয় আরও দবভশ
নযাচারাল ফভম ম
ং

6. Every year India loses about 18 % of its
agricultural production.
• Losses caused by different harmful agents
================================
Pests % Loss Monetary loss
in crores (Rs.)
================================
Weeds 33 1980
Diseases 26 1560
Insect pests 20 1200
Rodents 6 360
Storage loss 7 420
Miscellaneous 8 480
================================
Total 100 6000
================================
India incurs loss of Rs. 6000 crores per annum.
(Reference: ikisan.com; Pesticide Information, 1995)
Storage
loss14%
Rodents
8%
Insect
pests
20%
Diseases
26%
Weeds
32%
(Reference: Barooah, 1975)

7. USE OF PESTICIDES
COUNTRY PESTICIDES
USED (g/Ha)
Japan 10000
Europe 2000
America 1600
India 400
 50 % in cotton,
 9 districts,
 9 states
States/UTs 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Andhra Pradesh 1541 1381 1015
Bihar 870 915 828
Goa 2660 2650 2750
Haryana 4391 42.88 4070 4th
Jammu and Kashmir 1248 2679.27 1640
Karnataka 1588 1675 1647
Maharashtra 3050 2400 4639 3rd
Orissa NA 1155.75 1588
Punjab 6080 5760 5810 2nd
Rajasthan 3804 3333 3527
Tamil Nadu 3940 2317 2335
Uttar Pradesh 7332 8968 9563 1st
West Bengal 3945 41 NA
India 43630.3 43860 41822
State-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical
Grade) in India- (2007-2008 to 2009-2010) (In MT)

8. RESIDUE OF PESTICIDES
 আমারিে খািে
উপািারনে 60%
েীিনােে দ্বাো িূদষত
িরয়রি।
 এইগুভলর মতধয, 14%
সীমার উপতর
কীটনাশক রতয়তি
োরা অনুতমােন
কতরতিন।
 প্রায় সব খািে উপািানই
িূদষত, মযমন, চাে, গম,
োেসবক্তজ, চা, েদি,
মতে, ডাে, মাি, দডম,
গরুে িধ, মারয়ে িধ,
ইতোদি।
 োিাড়া এর দেতক ৈল
PESTICIDE POISONING : 3 types
Acute poisoning: Single and short-term very high
level of exposure to commit suicide.
Chronic poisoning: Long-term high-level
exposure; users, formulators and manufacturers.
Chronic poisoning: Long-term low-level
exposure; pesticide residues in air, water, soil,
sediment, food materials, plants and animals.
Pesticide pollution: Chinese
tea may not be safe to drink.
Blogpost by Monica Tan -
2012-04-13 at 11:56. Is
China's tea actually safe to
drink?
12 of the 18 samples from 9
tea companies in China
contained pesticide like
methomyl and
endosulfan, banned globally
under the Stockholm
Convention.

9. BAD EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
• Insects, pathogens, weeds become
tolerant
• Resurgence of pests, diseases, weeds
• Harmful to beneficial organisms, e.g.,
pollinating insects, parasites, predators
• Loss of biodiversity esp. vulnerable spp.
• Health hazards: carcinogenic, mutagen,
damage to embryo, ozone layer (10%)

10. PESTICIDE TRAGEDY
Accidental Oral
Suicidal Inhalation
Homicidal Dermal
Occupational Eye contact
Residential
Yavatmal district of Maharashtra: Forty farmers have died after spraying monocrotophos,
‘Profex Super’ insecticide on their Bt cotton plantations. Four others lose vision, 70 hospitalized (Oct. 2017).
ENDOSULFAN DISASTER IN
KASARGOD AND KANNUR: In 1976- 2000,
more than 50,000 villagers of Kasargod in Kerala were exposed to
endosulfan, sprayed aerially on cashew plantations by Plantation
Corporation of Kerala. More than 3000 people living near were
affected. The Supreme Court on May 13, 2011 banned the production,
distribution and use of endosulfan in India.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy: World's Worst Industrial Disaster on the night
of 2–3 December 1984 at Union Carbide Sevin carbaryl pesticide plant in Bhopal. Over
500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. Death toll was 3787,
558125 injuries and 3900 disabled.
Pesticide Poisoning
is Leading Method
of Suicide: 800,000 die
by suicide every year
globally and about 30
percent of them kill by
consuming pesticides
(WHO).

11. Ecofriendly Approaches
• Biological control , e.g., Trichoderma, Aspergillus,
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Beauvaria, Paciolomyces
• Crop rotation : success in hooghly wilt, reduced
from 42 % to 1 %, Rice – jute – potato
• Transgenic plants: successful Bt cotton, still a
dream in jute crop, be an optimist. Debate on Bt
Brinjal, Bt jute or hybrid jute or resistant jute.
• Illegal distribution of HTBT cotton seeds poses long
term risk, opine experts: Herbicide Tolerant BT, weeds may also
develop resistance. If the seeds do not have purity of genes then crop
may get burnt due to use of herbicides. Quality, genetics, herbicide
tolerance and even parentage of is a suspect.

12. BIOCONTROL THROUGH NEEM
Botanical insecticides, e.g., neem: from leaf and seed, avoid,
antifedant, moulting hampered, compatible with biocides
 The components are (1) nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product, (2)
nimbinin (similar), (3) nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur and
(4) Azadirachtin, belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present
in neem seeds. (5) Nimerin.
 Nimbidin is main active antibacterial ingredient, and highest yielding bitter component
in neem oil. They stable and found in substantial quantities in Neem. They also serve as
natural insecticides.
 Neem-coated urea is an alternative to urea. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's
efficacy and soil health.

13. WAKE UP TO ORGANIC FARMING
SN Features Organic farming Modern farming
1 Practices followed Ancient techniques Scientific techniques
2 Use of pesticides, fertilizers,
chemicals, etc.
No Yes
3 Use of Neem, bio control, cow
dung, cow urine, FYM, Compost,
other natural inputs, etc.
Yes May be
4 Residues of pesticides, chemicals,
lead, arsenic, etc.
No Yes, often more than
MPL
5 Food values including vitamins,
minerals, antioxidants, for better
health and nutrition, etc.
More, delicious, healthy No
6 Artificial additives, toxic inputs,
etc.
Free present
7 Yield versus cost of production Less - higher More – less
8 Price difference versus demand 50% higher, Rs. 20 to 30, increasing
day by day
Normal
9 Place to enquire (1) Little India Haat, Vedic Village, (2)
Behala Sen Haati, (3) Naktala Udayan
sangha, (4) Garia Chalpatti in Kolkata
and (5) NGOs all over India are
promoting it.
-
Ref: TOI CT
20.06.2017.

15. Study confirms that GMO eggplant cuts
pesticide use in Bangladesh
BY JOAN CONROW MARCH 7, 2019

16. Rajasthan Farmer With Expertise In Organic Farming
Class XII ড্রপআউট, রাৈযাতনর ক
ৃ ষক এখন পাঠ্যক্রম জেভর করতি ো িারেতক দশখাতব
“সাধােণ জদমরে এেটি দবষয়বস্তু-দনদিণষ্ট িসে উৎপািরন রূপান্তে েেরত চাে বিরেে ের াে পদেশ্রম মেরগরি। আমাে অননে দমশ্ররণে সারে, আদম এই
জদমরত গভণধােরণে পেপেই এেটি গরুে দ্বাো দনগ ণ
ত মধ এবং তেে দমদশ্রত েরে পেীক্ষা েরেদি। গরুে দ্বাো দনগ ণ
ত প্রেম তেরে বোেরিদেয়া এবং
অনোনে অণজীব েরয়রি যা বোেরিদেয়া বৃক্তেে সারে মাটিরে উন্নত েোে ক্ষমতা োরখ। এটি ভাে িোিে প্রিান েেরি,” পাদতিাে বরেরিন।
জাম ণ
াদন-দভদিে GBL েোরবে এেটি প্রদতরবিন যা ইউরোপ, মাদেণন যিোষ্ট্র এবং জাপারন েপ্তাদনে জনে তাে ধদনয়া অনরমািন েরেরি তাে ে
ৃ দতরেে
তাদেোে িাইোইি। মপেঁয়াজ, েমোরেব, মমৌদে বীজ -- তাে উৎপাদিত অনোনে েোব দেরপািণ প্রিে ণ
ন েরে দতদন বরেন, "আদম উৎে
ৃ ষ্ট মারনে িসে এবং
সবক্তজ উৎপািন েদে।"
"সবরচরয় বড় দমে আদম িূে েরেদি ময প্রাে
ৃ দতে চাষ মারন োসায়দনরেে বেবিাে নয়," পাদতিাে বরেরিন। এেপে দতদন WHO এবং স্বামীনােন েদমেরনে
দেরপািণ উি্ধৃত েরেন। "দবপজ্জনে োসায়দনে বেবিাে েরে দনদব ণ
চারে চাষ েো বিরেে পে বিে ধরে মাটিরত োব ণ
রনে পদেমাণ হ্রাস েরে এবং জদম
বোেরিদেয়া, অণজীব এবং েীিপতরেে বৃক্তেে জনে েম উপরযাগী িরয় ওর , যা মাটিে মান বাড়ারনাে জনে প্ররয়াজনীয়।"
অন্তত 2007 সাে পয ণ
ন্ত পদতিাে এবং তাে পদেবারেে জনে জীবন এেই দিে না। এেজন িাদেদ্র্েপীদড়ত জীবন মেরে এেজন িক্ষ ে
ৃ ষরেে উত্থান
োসায়দনে দভদিে মেরে প্রাে
ৃ দতে উপারয় তাে চাষাবারিে মেৌেরেে পদেবতণরনে মাধেরম ঘরিদন।
2003 মেরে 2007-এে মরধে চাে বিে ধরে, অসম আোে, ওজন এবং স্বারিে িসে এবং োেসবক্তজ উৎপািরনে জনে পদেবােটি ভােী ক্ষদতে সম্মখীন িরয়রি
যাে মোরনা মেতা পাওয়া যায়দন। অরনে সময় পণেটি িয় গরুে দিরে দনরক্ষপ েো িয় বা তারিে মক্ষরত পেঁরত মিওয়া িয়।
"আদম িটি বই মপরয়দি - ে
ৃ দষ পোেে এবং দবো বল্লভ - যা আমারে েী িাদেরয়রি মস সম্পরেণ মমািামটি ধােণা দিরয়রি। এটি আমাে পেদতে এেটি দভন্ন মাত্রা
দিরয়রি। আদম বঝরত মপরেদিোম ময ে
ৃ দষ সম্পরেণ এেক্তত্রত প্রাচীন জ্ঞান এেে জায়গায় বা এেে বইরত পাওয়া যায় না। এখারন আমাে জীবন এেটি
ি
ু েমচােঁি পদতিারেে বয়স ৬২ এবং োজযারনে মরুভূদম োরজে জজব চারষ তাে উদ্ভাবরনে জনে পদ্মশ্রী মপরয়রিন।
দেন্তু তাে বয়স বা পেস্কাে মোরনািাই তারে দবশ্রাম মিওয়াে জনে যরেষ্ট নয়।
7.30 িায়, পদতিাে প্রস্তুত। েতণা-পায়জামা-পদেদিত ে
ৃ ষে তাে োজ সম্পরেণ েরোপেেন শুরু েেরত এে
দমদনিও নষ্ট েরেন না। ঝাোওয়ারেে মনপো িারম তাে িরেে বাগারন িােঁদড়রয়, পাটিিাে এই মিূরতণ তাে জীবরন
এেটি নতুন উন্নয়রনে জনে িৃেেতভারব উরিক্তজত।
তারে জজব চারষে উপে এেটি পা েেম জতদে েোে জাতীয় েদমটিে অংে েো িরয়রি। েদমটিটি ইক্তিয়ান
োউক্তিে িে এদিোেচাে দেসাচণ (ICAR), মেন্দ্রীয় ে
ৃ দষ মন্ত্ররেে অধীরন এেটি সংযাে অধীরন আরস। পাটিিাে
এেজন দ্বািে মশ্রদণে ড্রপআউি এবং স্কে মবাডণ এবং ে
ৃ দষ দবশ্বদবিোেয়গুদেে জনে দেক্ষাপ্রদতষ্ঠারন জজব চাষরে
এেটি েৃঙ্খো দিসারব চাে েোে জনে গট ত 14-সিরসেে েদমটিরত এেমাত্র অ-দেক্ষাগত বেক্তি।
এই মক্ষরত্র তােঁে 18 বিরেে িক্ষতা এবং অদভজ্ঞতাে দভদিরত প্রে
ৃ দতে ইভম মগাবংে আধাদেত ে
ৃ দষ (প্রাে
ৃ দতে এবং
মগা-মেক্তন্দ্রে ে
ৃ দষ) দবষরয় এেটি খসড়া জতদে েোে জনে তারে অন্তভু ণি েো িরয়রি। দতদন োয ণ
ত িটি দমটিংরয়
অংেিিণ েরেরিন এবং উজ্জাে নিীে চোঞ্চরে তাে 40 এেে ে
ৃ দষ জদম মেরে োইভ উিািেণ সি তাে সনাতন
ে
ৃ দষ অনেীেরনে দবস্তাদেত দববেণ দিরয়রিন। “আদম উচ্ছ্বদসত ময আমো ময পা েেমটি দডজাইন েেদি তা এেটি
স্বাযেেে এবং উন্নত দবশ্ব েচনা েেরব। প্রাে
ৃ দতে চাষ িরে পেবতী দবপ্লব যা আগামী িেেগুদেরত দবশ্ব সাক্ষী িরত
চরেরি,” পদতিাে আত্মদবশ্বারসে সারে বরেরিন৷
পদতিারেে জদমরে েরয়েটি ভারগ ভাগ েো িরয়রি, প্রদতটিে মাটিে গুণমান অননে। দতদন এেটি মিাি মার
োরমন তাে জদমে সবরচরয় িাদম পণে, োে মচদে িরমরিাে এেটি চাে িি গাি মিখারত। “আপদন দে দবশ্বাস েেরত
পারেন ময এগুরোে িাম প্রদত মেক্তজ 900 িাো? চাদিিা দিদল্ল এবং মম্বাইরয়ে সস এবং সাোরিে জনে পােঁচ তােো
মিারিে মেরে। আদম তারিে জিদনে 40 দেরোিাম চাদিিা পূেণ েেরত অক্ষম,” পদতিাে বরেরিন ময দতদন
উিােভারব দেি
ু িরমরিা স্বারিে জনে অিাে েরেন।
timesspecials.timesgroup.com/

17. ভােরতে মোন োজে সম্পূণ ণ
রূরপ
জজব?
• ভসভকম 2003 সাতল, ভসভকম
আনুষ্ঠাভনকিাতব অ ম
াভনক হওয়ার
ভসদ্ধান্ত দনয়।
• আসন্ন বিেগুদেরত, দসদেম োসায়দনে এবং
েীিনােে বেবিাে মেরে তারিে উপে
সম্পূণ ণদনরষধাজ্ঞা আরোপ েোে জনে
এেটি রূপান্তেমূেে পদেবতণন েরেরি।
• 2016 সারেে জানয়াদেরত, প্রধানমন্ত্রী নরেন্দ্র
মমাদি দসদেমরে ভােরতে প্রেম, সম্পূণ ণজজব

18. জৈব চাতষর 4টট সুভবধা কী কী?
• প্রচদেত ে
ৃ দষে সারে তুেনা েরে, জজব ে
ৃ দষরত
(1) েম েীিনােে বেবিাে েো িয়,
(2) মাটটর ক্ষয় েমায়,
(3) িূ িময ৈতল এবং িূ-পৃতষ্ঠর ৈতল
নাইতেতটর ভনঃসরণ হ্রাস পায় এবং
(4) পশুে বজণে খামারে পনোয় বেবিাে েো িয়।
এই সদবধাগুদে মভািারিে জনে উচ্চ খািে খেচ এবং
সাধােণত েম িেন দ্বাো ভােসামেিীন িয়।

19. প্রাে
ৃ দতে চাষাবাি "িেওো
পেদত",
• "চারষে প্রাে
ৃ দতে উপায়" বা "দেি
ু ই না েো চাষ" দিসারবও উরল্লখ েো িয়,
মাসারনাব িেওো (1913-) দ্বাো প্রদতটষ্ঠত এেটি পদেরবেগত ে
ৃ দষ পেদত
2008)।
• িেওো, এেজন জাপাদন ে
ৃ ষে এবং িাে ণ
দনে, তাে 1975 সারেে বই িে ওয়ান-
স্ট্র দবপ্লরব এই েব্দটি চাে েরেদিরেন।
• প্রাে
ৃ দতে ে
ৃ দষ এেটি বন্ধ পেদত, মযটি মানরষে দ্বাো সেবোিে
ৃ ত ইনপিগুদেে
িাদব েরে না এবং প্রে
ৃ দতে অনেেণ েরে।
• িেওোে প্রাে
ৃ দতে চাষাবারিে অনেীেন আধদনে প্রযক্তিে জাপারনে সবরচরয়
প্রযক্তিগতভারব উন্নত খামােগুদেে সারে ধাোবাদিেভারব তুেনীয় িেন প্রিে ণ
ন
েরেরি, যা িূষণ, মাটিে ক্ষদত, েক্তি খেচ এবং পদেরবেগত অবক্ষয় িাড়াই
েরেরি।
• এই প্রযক্তিে মনদতবাচে পাশ্ব ণ
-প্রদতক্তেয়া িাড়াই প্রে
ৃ দত যদি এেই েেম িেন
অজণন েেরত সক্ষম িয় তরব মেন আমো খািে উৎপািরনে প্রক্তেয়ায় আধদনে
প্রযক্তি প্ররয়াগ েেব।
• যদিও প্রাে
ৃ দতে চাষরে জজব চারষে এেটি উপরসি দিসারব দবরবচনা েো িয়,
তরব এটি প্রে
ৃ দতরে দবেি েরে এমন আরেেটি আধদনে মেৌেে বরে মরন েো
িয়।
• তাে পেদত জে িূষণ, জীবববদচরত্রেে ক্ষদত এবং মাটিে ক্ষয় মোধ েরে, এবং

20. Broad-spectrum botanical pesticides for Natural Farming
Neemastra: Crush 5 kg neem leaves in
water, add 5 lit cow urine and 2 kg cow
dung, ferment for 24 hours with
intermittent stirring, filter squeeze the
extract and dilute to 100 lit, use as foliar
spray over one acre, useful against
sucking pests and mealy bugs.
Agniastra
Add 10 Litres of Cow's Urine
to the Pot.
cut the Tobacco leaf (1 kg) and
add them to the Cow's Urine.
cut the Green Chillies (500 g)
and add them as well.
cut the Neem Leaves (5 kg)
and adds the garlic pulp (125
g). Boil this mixture
continuously for 5 times.
Allow this solution to ferment
for 24 hours. Before use @ 30
ml / litre, Filters the solution
using a cloth.
Brahmastra:
Crush 3 kg neem leaves in 10 lit cow urine.
Crush 2 kg custard apple leaf, 2 kg papaya leaf, 2
kg pomegranate leaves, 2 kg guava leaves in water.
Mix the two and boil 5 times at some interval till it
become half.
Keep for 24 hrs, then filter squeeze the extract. This
can be stored in bottles for 6 months.
Useful against sucking pests, pod/fruit borers.
Dilute 2-2.5 lit of this extract to 100 lit for 1 acre.

21. The Times Of India –
Kolkata 15 Oct 2019

23. INSECT PESTS OF JUTE
INDIGO
CATERPILLAR
APION
YELLOW
MITE
INSECT PESTS
OF JUTE
JUTE
SEMILOOPER
BIHAR HAIRY
CATERPILLAR
GREY
WEEVIL

24. Jute hairy caterpillar
Jute semilooper
Yellow mite
Indigo
caterpillar
Jute stem weevil and Mealybug
Grey weevil
0-20 DAS* 20-40 DAS 40-60 DAS 60-80 DAS 80-100 DAS 100-120 DAS
Infestation period of jute pests
with respect to crop growth stages
*Days after sowing
CROP AGE

25. INDIGO CATERPILLAR
Spodoptera litura Hubner , S. exigua (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
 Its polyphagous pest
 It attacks seedling stage up to 20 DAS.
 Top leaves are folded together by
caterpillars and damage tender leaves.
 After thinning of seedlings severity of
attack reduces considerably.
Larvae of indigo caterpillar
Adult indigo caterpillar
• Spray chlorpyriphos 2 ml/lit; or
•neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% along
with suitable sticker.;
•quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit or
•synthetic pyrethroids,
•cypermethrin 25 EC 0.5 ml/lit, or
•lambda cyhalothrin @ 1 ml/lit.
S. exigua

26. • Attack of grey weevil is restricted to top
tender leaves of olitorius jute.
• Generally 5-6 weeks old plants are
attacked.
Grey Weevil
Myllocerus discolor Bohemam (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Adult grey weevils
Grey weevil damaged jute
plant Courtsey: T.
Ramasubramanian
Grey weevil damaged jute field
•azadirachtin 1% @ 3ml/lit twice at 10
days interval or two rounds of
cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.5 ml/lit at
fortnightly intervals

27. APION = STEM WEEVIL
Apion corchori (Curculionidae : Coleoptera)
 Pest on both species of
Corchorus, but C. capsularis
suffers more.
 Adult females lay eggs inside
stem tissues.
 Mucilaginous substances are
formed around tissues damaged
by grub that binds fibres
together; which breaks at point
during fibre extraction and
results in ‘knotty fibre’.
 Grubs are apodous; emerge out
tearing damaged shoot causing
wilting in stem. Grubs feed on
the internal tissue, affects
growth.
 Loss of apical meristem checks
vertical growth and induces
branching.
Adult stem weevil
Weevil damage in
seedlings and older
plants
 Late sowing in April.
Balanced NPK, as N
increases apion.
Soil application of
carbofuran (1 kg ai/ ha)
or foliar spray of
cypermethrin 25 EC @
0.5 ml/lit in early hours

28.  Widely distributed pest in all jute
tracts. Tossa jute is more susceptible.
 They remain active throughout the
year on different crops.
 Both nymphs and adults suck sap
from younger leaves even before
unfolding.
 Leaves are crumpled and leaf lamina
curl backward along the midrib and
turn deep green with coppery brown
shades with typical inverted boat like
shape and drop prematurely.
 Leaf lamina become coppery green
with huge population of tiny mites,
visible with magnifying glass.
 High temperature and humidity with
sunshine during April to July favor
for multiplication.
 High rainfall suppresses the mite
population.
 Water stress enhances damage.
YELLOW MITE
Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae: Acarina)
 JRO-204 and JRO-524 are less
susceptible.
 Sowing beyond April suffers less
damage.
 ETL: 110 mites/ leaf (second
unfolded)
• Foliar spray of mineral oil @ 3
ml/lit + neem oil @ 3ml/ lit twice.
• Two sprays of spiromesifen 240
SC @ 0.8 ml/ lit at 36 and 46
DAS or abamectin 1.8 EC @ 0.8
ml/lit or fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1.5
ml/ lit or propargite 57 EC @ 2.5
ml / lit.
Yellow mites on jute leaf
Yellow mite eggs

29.  They appears during onset of monsoon. High
relative humidity followed by drizzling and bright
sunshine are conducive.
 Jute crop is most susceptible at 50-80 DAS.
Individual EIL is 10% damage at 55 DAS.
 95% damage is restricted to 9 fully opened leaves.
 Feed voraciously on top tender leaves.
 Growing points are eaten and destroyed, totally
defoliated and induce profuse branching, internodes
shortened.
 Larval period for 9-16 days and third instar larvae
are most destructive and pupate under dry leaves or
soil crevices.
JUTE SEMILOOPER
Anomis sabulifera G (Noctuidae : Lepidoptera)
Semilooper adult
When damage reaches 15% , spray profenophos @ 2
ml/lit. or fenvalerate 20EC @ 1.0 ml/lit or cypermethrin
25EC @ 0.5 ml/lit. or lamdacyhalothrin 5EC @ 1 ml/lit.
Sprays towards apical portion of plant rather than
whole plant as infestation is confined to top leaves.
Foliar spray of Bt formulation @ 1kg/ ha.

30.  Polyphagous, infests jute and mesta
 Eggs are laid in groups, covered with hair on
leaves.
 Larvae are gregarious and scrap chlorophyll
content of leaves, making network of veins.
 Caterpillar feeds voraciously on leaves, soft
stem and green pods.
BIHAR HAIRY CATERPILLAR
Spilosoma obliqua (Acrtiidae: Lepidoptera)
Management
 Regular monitoring to spot
early oviposition.
 Removal of egg masses and
gregarious larvae. They may be
destroyed by mechanical means
simply by picking and dipping
in kerosene oil and water.
 Foliar application of (1)
cypermethrin 25 EC @ 1.2
ml/lit, (2) lambdacyhalothrin 5
EC @ 1 ml/lit.

31. Mealy bugs in the basal
part of jute stem
Farmers showing
mealy bug infested
jute plants
MEALY BUG
Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Phenacoccus solenopsis
(Pseudococcidae : Hemiptera)
 Once considered minor pest of jute. Recently, emerged
as new threat.
 Damage is mostly caused by immature stages
(nymphs) which suck sap from leaf, petiole, stem and
pod.
 Vertical growth of plant is arrested with shortened
internodes. Plant gives bushy appearance.
 Apical meristem is most susceptible.
 Repeated attacks cause development of crust on stem
due to which there is formation of ‘barky fibre”.
 More damage on seed crop with less pod and seed
yield.
 Remove alternate host plants like Parthenium and uproot
severely affected plants at early stage of infestation.
 Monitor fields regularly and give spot application of
recommended insecticides.
 In severe infestation, spray (1) profenofos 50 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit or
(2) quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/lit or (3) chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2
ml/ha or (4) carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/lit 1-3 times as per need, in
rotation.
Management

32. Jute Stem-girdler: Nupserha bicolor
Postbrunnea (Lamiidae: Coleoptera)
Distribution and status: Jute tracts of India and Bangladesh. Has
become a major pest in the past two decades.
Host range: Jute, mesta, Sesbania aegyptiaca (dhaincha)
Bionomics: The female beetle makes two rings by cutting a strip and a
slit is made upto pith, where the beetle deposits one egg. They hatch in 3-
4 days and the emerging larvae feed and travel downwards.The larvae
become full-grown in 30-50 days , the larvae pupate . The pupation and
the emergence of beetles seem to synchronize with the availability of jute
plants. There is only one generation in a year.
Damage symptoms
The main damage occurs because of oviposition, resulting in the
breakage of fibre length at several places. Thus, both the quality of fibre
and the yield suffer. The damage (6-30%) is more in younger plants than
in the older ones. Not much damage is caused by the feeding of larvae or
adults.
Management
Grow resistant species of jute (capsularis)
Mix 25 kg of phorate lO G per ha in the top soil followed by light
irrigation.
Conserve larval parasitoids Neocatolaccus nupserhae and Norbanus
acuminatus (Chalcididae)

33. DISEASES OF JUTE
Stem rot: Macrophomina phaseolina
Hooghly wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum
(Ps. solanacearum)
Anthracnose: Colletotrichum corchorum
and C. gloeosporioides
Black Band: Botryodiplodia theobromae
Mosaic : Virus
Soft rot: Sclerotium rolfsii
6
M
A
J
O
R

34. STEM ROT
C.O. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
 Most serious disease of
jute affecting both fibre
and seed yield.
 It damages both Olitorius
and Capsularis varieties.
 Frequent epiphytotics
occurs in almost all jute
growing areas.
 Extent of damage depends
on rainfall pattern, soil
temperature, soil
moisture and variety.
 More in acid soil with pH
below 5.8 and K
deficiency.
 Continuous rain and high
RH and temperature
around 34o C+ are
congenial.
Symptoms
1.Damping off: New seedlings rot
above and below soil
2.Seedling blight: Cotyledons turn
brown to black and seedlings die
3.Stem rot: Dark brown lesion on
stem may extend vertically or
horizontally up to 10 - 15 cm or
higher, plants wilt or break.
4.Collar rot: Brown
discolouration /necrotic wounds on
stem at soil level with adventitious
roots.
5.Root rot: Stem turns dark
brown to black, wilting, defoliate
and stand as naked stem and
finally die/dry.
Brown spots on
leaves appear in
June – July.
Stem
infection
comes
from
blighted
leaves
through
petioles
and nodes.
Damping off
Seedling blight
Stem rot
Root rot
Stem rot
Wilting
POD INFECTION
SEED CROP

35. Grassroot level stem rot disease scenario of jute at
(1) Kushmandi Block and (2) Kaliaganj Block of North Dinajpur
District and (3) Rotua block of Malda district, WB

36. STEM ROT DISEASE SCENARIO OF JUTE

37. HOOGHLY WILT
Bacteria = Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum
 Wilting of leaves starts from base upwards
 Affected stems are soft
 Slimy fluid comes out on slight pressing
 Ooze test positive
 First observed in 1950s in Tarakeswar of
Hooghly district
 Later in Howrah, Nadia, North 24 Parganas,
Burdwan, etc.
 Where jute crop is followed by potato
 Very serious disease of Olitorius jute during
1970 – 80
 Even up to 40 % plants were infected.
 M. phaseolina and M. incognita facilitate
entry of bacteria.
BLACK BAND
CO - Botryodiplodia theobromae
 It was a minor disease earlier, but gradually fast
spreading on new varieties of both species.
 Now incidence is quiet high.
Causes serious damage in older crops from July
onwards.
 Often no fibre and seed may be obtained.
Blackish brown lesion, darker than stem rot, Spots enlarge
and girdle stem, withering of apical and side branches
Plants defoliate, turn brown to black and stand as dry stick
Stem breaks at the point of infection and plants die
On rubbing with finger on spots profuse black sooty
powdery mass of spores adhere to fingers not found in stem
rot
Crops raised from infected seeds show sedling blight
symptoms

38. •Pathogen is also
transmitted through
infected seeds.
•Sporulation is often
observed on infected
seeds.
•Infected seeds are
mostly produced from
infected crop.
SEED TRANSMISSION
Pycnidia of M. phaseolina
on jute seed
Spores of Colletotrichum
on jute seed

39. ROOT KNOT NEMATODE
Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
C. capsularis C. olitorius
Extent of damage : 15 – 20 %
 The galls are white
globular swellings in
roots due to penetration
of larvae.
 Translocation of water
and nutrients blocked.
Plants shows yellowing
and stunted growth.
 Sometimes predispose
plant to root rot and wilt
infection.

40. 1. Insecticides and nematicides: Thiometon, Nematox, Nemagon, are
important. Granular insecticides, e.g., Carbofuran, Phorate, etc. reduced
nematode population and increased fibre yield compared to control.
2. Organic amendments, namely, cakes of karanj, mahua, groundnut, sawdust,
cow dung, castor, chicken manure, etc.,
3. Cultural practices, like, removal of stubbles, weeding, thinning, crop
rotation with paddy and wheat for two years reduced root knot nematode
population in jute field.
4. Screening for resistance against root knot nematode resulted in few tolerant
lines in both species of jute (Laha et al., 1995 a, b).
5. Studies on the seasonal variation of population revealed that the population
of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus and Hoplolaimus gradually increased with
growth of jute plants, but decreased during winter in absence of suitable
host plant, as they are endoparasitic in nature (Laha et al., 1988).
6. Soil Application: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Bio-Nematon)
8 Litres or 10 kg / hectare with incubation for 10 - 15 days with organic
fertilizer / well decomposed organic manure / field soil / any other locally
available FYM/ Cowdung /organic carrier and applied around the
rhizosphere uniformly for existing crops in the field.
MANAGEMENT ROOT KNOT NEMATODE

41. Keep pests
numbers below
harmful (ET) level
instead of
eradication
Protect and
conserve the
environment
including
biodiversity
Make plant
protection feasible,
safe and
economical even
for smaller farmers
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
3 Es
• HIGHLY
EFFECTIVE
• ECONOMICALLY
FEASIBLE
• ECOLOGICALLY
SOUND
 3 Rs
 Resurgence
 Resistance
 Residues
OBJECTIVES OF IPM
• NO TO COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF PESTS AND PATHOGENS
• TO KEEP POPULATION BELOW ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
• SAFE TO ENVIRONMENT
CONCEPT OF IPM
• ITS NOT A SINGULAR METHOD APPROACH
• FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF
ALL AVAILABLE METHODS
• COEXISTENCE OF CROP, PESTS AND PATHOGENS AT BELOW ETL
• NO CHEMICAL HARMFUL TO ENVIRONMENT
IDM
IPM
ICM
Farming system
According to FAO panel of experts (1968), IPM has been defined
as “pest management system that in the context of associated
environment and pest population dynamics of pest species, it
utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible
manner as possible and maintains the pest population below those
causing economic injury.”
It is not a simply juxtaposition or superimposition of two control
techniques but integration of all management techniques (such as,
chemical and biological controls) with the natural regulating and limiting
elements of the environment.

42. f¡Vl N¡Rl ¢h¢iæ l¡Nl p¤¤pwqa
fË¢aL¡l
1z p¢WL S¢j ¢ehÑ¡Qe
2z p¢WL fËS¡¢a ¢ehÑ¡Qe
3z f¢lú¡l f¢lRæ i¡h S¢j °al£
4z j¡¢Vl AÇmaÆ J Q¥e fË-
u¡N
5z i¡m¡ J p¤¤ÙÛ h£S hÉhq¡l
6z h£S n¡de
7z h£S h¡e¡l pju
8z p¤¤oj p¡l fËu¡N
9z N¡Rl c¤laÆ
10z BN¡R¡ cje
11z Sm ¢eú¡ne
12z npÉ fkÑ¡u
13z fËu¡Se ¢i¢šL l¡p¡u¢eL
Kod fËu¡N
14z S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ l¡N fË¢al¡d

43. SPREAD OF STEM ROT
DISEASE OF JUTE
SOIL – Deep
ploughing, Lime,
FYM, Solarization
AIR BORNE
SPORES
SEED TREATMENT
carbendazim,
mancozeb,
Trichoderma

44. STRATEGY IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF JUTE
AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION
Crop Rotation, Crop residues,
Date of sowing, Spacing,
Drainage, Weeding
FUNGICIDE SPRAY
carbendazim, mancozeb
copper oxy chloride
SEED TREATMENT
carbendazim, mancozeb,
Trichoderma
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
SOIL TREATMENT
Lime, FYM, Sun,
Bleaching powder

45. ETL = Economic threshold level
Economic threshold (Action threshold):
The pest density or level of damage at
which a control measure is needed to
prevent economic loss.
Economic thresholds are not static; they change with fluctuating market values or control costs.
In Jute : Insects pests 10 % or more
Disease 2 % or more Pest population
without
management

46. • SEED: Use preferably certified seed or
pathogen free healthy seed
• Seed health testing: Seed lot with more
than 15 % infection of anthracnose is
unfit for sowing, even after seed
treatment.
• Sowing time: Mid March to mid April,
but late sown jute suffers from less
stem rot
SELECTION OF VARIETY: JRO
204, JRO 8432, JRO 128, JRO 524,
JRO 66. Less stem rot on JRO 32 in
Barrackpore, Coochbehar and
Katihar than JRO 524. JRO 524 is less
affected in Singur areas.
SEED IN IPM
Breeder seed: Directly controlled by the
originating or sponsoring plant breeder,
genetically pure
Foundation Seed: Progeny of Breeder seed
or foundation seed
Certified Seed: Progeny of foundation
seed, maintain specific genetic identity and
purity and seed health test
SOIL IN IPM
 Selection of land: Medium to
high land, sandy loam soil
 Land preparation: Deep
summer ploughing, good tilth
 Soil solarization with
ploythene sheet raises inside
temp. by 10 oC and kills
pathogens.
 Acidity of soil: For soil with
pH below 5.8 and K
deficiency, apply 2 – 4 tonnes
/ha of lime or gypsum one
month before sowing.

47. • Clean cultivation: Destroy residues/
stubbles of previous crop
• Spacing: Row 25 – 30 cm and plant
5 – 6 cm by thinning (5- 6 lakh
plants /ha or 50 – 60 plants /sqm).
• Drainage: Poorly drained soil
attract more disease
• Weeding: Weeds are hosts of
pathogens. Stem rot, soft rot and
Hooghly wilt have wide host range
• Fertilizer: Balanced, NPK: (30
:30:30/ha Basal)+ 15 N at Ist
weeding +15 N at 2nd weeding.
• Organic manure: FYM or compost
7 – 8 tonnes /ha before sowing
AGRONOMIC
MANIPULATION
CROP ROTATION
in IPM
Jute – rice – rice /
wheat/ mustard /
winter vegetables,
except
solanaceous, like,
potato, brinjal,
tomato.
They are hosts of
Hooghly wilt,

48. Rogueing is important.
Single
plant
diseased
Millions and
Millions
of spores
Inoculum for
new infections
Same
variety/
field
Different
variety/
field
Potential for creating epiphytotic
Destroy by burning
or burry under soil
Met. factors, e.g., temperature
relative humidity, soil moisture, etc.
Uprooting and throwing
are not useful.

49. No strategy-no benefit

50. Killing of pathogens with other living
organism
Kills by competition, mycoparasitism and
antibiosis (toxin or enzymes)
PROCESS: Biocontrol agents are isolated
from nature, tested on pathogens in lab,
mass cultured on cheap media, tested
viability and then applied in field.
Examples in jute: Fungi –Trichoderma
spp., Aspergillus niger,
PGPR – Promotes plant growth,
suppresses disease, e.g., Fluorescent
Pseudomonas
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
PGPR – Pseudomonus
fluorescens
PGPR + Pathogen
Macrophomina phaseolina

51. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TOMATO DAMPING-OFF
WITH TRICHODERMA (GLIOCLDIUM) VIRENS

52. Green manuring with sunnhemp
Deep plowing with tractor
Polythene mulching
Field application of green mold –
Trichoderma with manure
Soil treatment
Crop Rotation

53. Biological control of plant diseases
Diseases: Jute stem rot CO Macrophomina phaseolina
Sunnhemp wilt CO Fusarium udum f. sp. crotalariae
Mesta foot and stem rot CO Phytopththora parasaitica var. sabdariffae
SN Fungal antagonist Disease control Mechanism of action Benefit
1 Trichoderma virive Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Strong antagonist
Antibiotic producing
Siderophore producing
Apart from,
increasing fibre
yield,
growth
promotion,
root
nodulation, they
are
harmless to
environment and
beneficial
organisms,
no health
hazard,
no residual
toxicity,
No
biomagnification,
etc.
2 Aspergillus niger AN 27 Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Strong antagonist
Growth promoting
Siderophore producing
3 Trichoderma virens
(=Gliocladium virens)
Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Medium antagonist
Strong antagonist
4 Trichoderma harzianum Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Medium antagonist
Strong antagonist
5 Aspergillus niger AN 5 Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Medium antagonist
Medium antagonist
Bacterial antagonist
6 Fluorescent pseudomonad =
Pseudomonas fruorescens
Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Strong antagonist
Growth promoting
Siderophore producing
7 Pseudomonas glumae Jute stem rot Sunnhemp
wilt
Strong antagonist
Growth promoting
Siderophore producing

54. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
• Bt is one of the most common microorganisms used in biological control
of insects of orders Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Diptera (flies,
mosquitoes), Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants and
sawflies), nematodes.
• Bt is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling, rod-shaped bacterium that produces
protein toxins lethal to many pest species, including caterpillars, beetles,
and mosquito larvae.
• These toxins are harmless to humans, birds, and other beneficial wildlife.
• During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal
proteins (proteinaceous inclusions or Cry proteins, which are encoded
by cry genes in plasmid) called Delta δ-endotoxins, that
have insecticidal action. Commercial Bt products contain endotoxin
crystals or a mixture of crystals and Bt spores.
• In insects, the toxin acts as a selective stomach poison.
• When an insect pest ingests Bt toxins from treated leaves, feeding stops
within minutes and starves to death in 1-3 days. Smaller larvae die more
quickly.
• When insects ingest toxin crystals, their alkaline digestive tracts denature
the insoluble crystals, making them soluble and cut with proteases in
insect midgut, which liberate toxin from crystal. Cry toxin is then
inserted into insect gut cell membrane, paralyzing the digestive tract and
forming a pore. Bt bacteria may also colonize the insect to death.
• More recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt
corn, Bt cotton. Bt israelensis is used for mosquitoes and of fungus gnats.
• Dose @ 1.5 – 2 g per L.
DiPel®
Highly specific and natural origin, no
harm to bees, predators, parasites,
humans, wildlife or the environment.

55. SEED TREATMENT METHOD
BAVISTIN 2 g BAVISTIN 2 g
1 kg seed
1 kg seed

56. SEED TREATMENT METHOD
BEFORE MIXING
AFTER MIXING
COMPARISON BETWEEN TREATED AND UNTREATED
SEEDS OF JUTE

57. Seed treatment is cheap and best
Removes deep seated
seed-borne inoculum
Reduces
soil inoculum
Protective barrier around
seed, root and rhizosphere
Systemic into seedlings,
e.g., carbendazim Healthy and
vigourous seedlings
Growth promotion
effect, e.g., carbendazim

58. Bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)2], a new option
1. M. phaseolina was completely checked in food poisoning technique in vitro at 5000 μg/ml of
bleaching powder.
2. In the field, soil application of bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing was found
best against jute stem rot compared to check (with no soil application) and higher (50 – 150
kg/ha) and lower (5 – 20 kg/ha) doses in all the four dates (30 – 120 DAS) of observations.
3. It restricted stem rot of jute to 2.1 and 6 % as compared to 15.1 and 24 % in untreated check at
90 – 120 DAS, respectively.
4. As the dose of bleaching powder increased from @ 5 – 150 kg/ha, the jute stem rot decreased
slowly reaching minimum at 30 kg/ha indicating that this dose being most effective against jute
stem rot.
De and Ghorai, 2014, 2019
Atmospheric CO2 and water react with bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)2) to release hypochlorous acid which gives a characteristic
smell to bleaching powder. Hypochlorous acid decomposes readily to atomic oxygen. This atomic oxygen acts as bleaching agent
through oxidation. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO hypochlorous acid
HClO → HCl + [O] atomic oxygen 2HCl + [O] → H2O + Cl2 chlorine

59. Soil application of Bleaching powder
30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing

60. INSECTS PEST MANAGENT
WHEN DAMAGE IS MORE
THAN 10 %
• Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml /
litre of water with B. bassiana
In case of high infestation
• Spray chloropyriphos
(Dursban) @ 2 ml / litre of
water
• Spray imidachloprid @ 1 ml / 5
litre of water
• For spraying one acre jute crop
200 litres of water is required.

61. LEVEL OF USE OF SAFE PESTICIDES
FIRST LEVEL
When damage is more than 10 %,
 Spray Neem oil @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of
water
 Apply Nimbidin 15 % G (Nimgon
G) @ 9 kg/ha
 Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of
water with B. bassiana
 Foliar application of Bt
formulation @ 1 ml/ litre of water
SECOND LEVEL
 Spray chloropyriphos (Dursban)
@ 2 ml / litre of water
 Spray Profenophos 50 EC
(Curacron) 2.0 ml / litre of water
THIRD LEVEL
In case of high infestation: Spray
 Chlorpyriphos 50 % EC +
Cypermethrin 5 % EC (Nurel D,
Super D, Canon, Hamla) @ 1.5
ml / litre of water OR
 Profenofos 40 % EC +
Cypermethrin 4 % EC (Rocket,
Profex Super, Polytren C) @ 1.5
ml / litre of water
FOURTH LEVEL
In case of HIGHER infestation: Spray
 Imidachloprid (Confidor) @ 1 - 2 ml / 5 litre
of water OR
 Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC (Fame, Belt,
Fenos) @ 0.3 ml / litre of water OR
 Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (Missile,
Proclaim) @ 0.5 ml / litre of water OR
 Lambda-cyhalaothrin 5 EC (Karate,
Devashakti, Agent plus) @ 0.75 ml / litre of
water OR
 Chlorantraniliprol 18.5 % SC (Choragen,
Ferrtera) @ 0.3 ml / litre of water

62. ACARICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT
OF YELLOW MITE OF JUTE
• Fenazaquin Magister @2 ml /litre
• Propargite Oomite @ 2ml/litre
• Fenpyroximate Mitigate @ 2 ml/litre
• Spiromecifen 22.9 % Oberon @ 1.0 ml/litre

63. New systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids) against sucking
pests: Brown plant hopper, Aphids, Jassids, Thrips,
Whiteflies
 Thiamethoxam Ektara @ 2.5 g/10 litre
 Imidacloprid Confidor @ 2 ml/10 litre
 Acetamiprid Pound @ 1 g/5 litre
 Dinotefuran Osheen @ 150-200 g / Ha)
1 hectare = 100x100 sq. m, 1 acre = 4000 sq. m,
1 Bigha = 1333.33 sq. m, 1 Katha = 66.67 sq. m.
For spraying,
one acre requires 300 litres of water
= 100 litre / Bigha = 75 ml/ sq. m.
Action: Disruption of insect's nervous system by inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Chlorantraniliprole is an anthranilic diamide insecticide,
Rynaxypyr specifically targets insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs),
(coragen) 20SC that are critical for muscle contraction and
@ 0.4 ml per liter of water has very low mammalian toxicity, primarily Lepidopteran larvicide

64. NEW APPROACHES
GRANULAR
INSECTICIDES
• Cartap hydrochloride 4%
G (Padan 4 G) @ 7.5 kg /
Acre
• Fipronil 0.3% G (Regent
G) @ 5 kg / Acre
• Phorate 10 % (Foratox
10G) @ 10 kg / ha
• Carbofuran 3% G @ 33
kg / ha
• Carbosulfan 6% G
(Marshal G) @ 7.5 kg /ha
SEED TREATMENT
INSECTICIDES
 Imidachloprid
(Gaucho) @ 4 g/kg
seed
 Thiomethoxam
(Cruiser) @ 5 g/kg
seed
 Chloropyriphos
(Classic 20) @ 4 ml/kg
seed

65. LOW COST TRAPS
PHEROMONE TRAP
Uses pheromones or sex
hormones to lure insects.
Pheromone traps are
very sensitive, may attract
insects present at very low
densities.
They are often used to
detect presence of pests,
or for sampling,
monitoring, or to
determine the first
appearance of a pest in an
area.
Pheromone traps are
highly species-specific
and inexpensive and easy.
STICKY TRAP
 Used for any crop
in any season.
 It lasts for more
than 45 days in open.
 In India more than
1000 farmers are
using the same
repeatedly.
 It reduces
chemical load on
ecology.
 Most effective and
cheapest solution
 White Fly, Green
Fly, Aphid, Jassids,
PHEROGLOW TRAP
Insects attracted
to the pheromone
or /and light are
drawn to the
Traps and fall into
the pool of
emulsion/water in
the tub, drown
and die.
The dead insects
can then be
removed from the
Traps at
appropriate
intervals and tub
LIGHT TRAP
Important IPM tool.
It consists of a light
(bright white, bluish,
mercury bulb is the best)
and collection pot with
H2O.
Widely used to control
menace of pests.
Light source attracts the
phototrophic insects such
as moths, flies, beetles,
wasps & other night flying
insects, etc.
Effectiveness enhanced
if positioned beside a
white wall or white sheet
hung next to it.

66. PESTICIDE FORMULATION
Biological activity of a pesticide, be it
chemical or biological in nature, is
determined by its active ingredient (AI).
Pesticide products very rarely consist of
pure technical material.
AI is usually formulated with other
materials and this is sold as product, but
it may be further diluted in use.
Formulations improves the properties
of a chemical for handling, storage,
application and may substantially
influence effectiveness and safety
Water miscible: Most frequently used products
are formulations for mixing with water then
applying as sprays. Older formulations include:
EC Emulsifiable concentrate
WP Wettable powder
SL Soluble (liquid) concentrate
SP Soluble powder
Newer, non-powdery formulations with reduced
or no use of hazardous solvents and improved
stability include:
SC Suspension concentrate
CS Capsule suspensions
WG Water dispersible granules
Other common formulations include granules (GR), dusts (DP) and microgranules (MG) for improved safety.
Specialist formulations are available for ultra-low volume spraying, fogging, fumigation, etc.
Very occasionally, some pesticides (e.g. malathion) may be sold as technical material (TC - which is mostly AI).
 seed treatment and bait formulations are available for rodent pest control, etc.

67. Calculation of amount of pesticides
(A) Millilitre /per
litre of water
 Simplest and
easy
 Water
requirement
per
sqm/bigha/acre
/ha
 Volume of
sprayer
 Nozzle
adjustment
 Speed of person
spraying
(B) At the rate of 0.x %
Method of calculation
(1) For 100 ml water pesticide needed 0.x ml
1 ml……. …….. 0.x /100 ml
1000 ml or 1 litre ……….0.xX1000/100 ml
= x ml per litre a.i.
(2) Conversion of AI to trade product
Suppose, AI = y %
We get y ml / mg AI in 100 ml /mg of trade
product
…… 1 ………… 100/y …………………
…… x ……….. 100.x/y ……….............
(3) Finally, we get, 100.x/y millilitre/per litre
water
(4) Water requirement per sq m/bigha/acre/ha
(5) Volume of sprayer
(6) Nozzle adjustment
(7) Speed of person spraying
Dose: (1) Active ingredient = AI, (2) Formulation / Trade product
© gm AI per ha
or acre
(1) Conversion to
gm AI per bigha/3
(2) Water
requirement per sq
m/bigha/acre/ha
(3) Volume of
sprayer
(4) Nozzle
adjustment
(5) Speed of person
spraying

68. Unrestricted use of pesticides in field

72. Fate of Pesticides after Application
Leaching to groundwater
occurs when soluble pesticides
Movement in runoff water
occurs when soluble or
insoluble pesticides
Absorption
Uptake into plant tissues
Fate of
Pesticides
Erosion
Pesticide moves off
site by rains or irrigation or soil
Degradation
Soon it begins to break down or degrade into
simpler compounds which are usually less toxic.

74. Degradation Processes of pesticides
Volatilization
liquid chemical on a plant or soil surface
can be converted into a vapor,
escaping into atmosphere.
Microbiological Degradation
bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and
protozoa break down or degrade pesticides
Photolysis
(photocomposition)
by light
Degradation
of pesticides
Hydrolysis
by dividing large molecules
into smaller ones,
As soon as pesticide is applied, it begins to break down or degrade into
simpler compounds which are usually less toxic.

75. Mass balance of foliar-spray of a pesticide
National Research Council. 1993. Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda
for Agriculture. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:
10.17226/2132.

76. Drones or unmanned aerial vehicles
Use of Drones:
Spraying pesticides and nutrients,
surveying farmlands,
monitoring soil
and crop health.
Advantages:
Reduces the contact of humans
with fertilisers, pesticides.
High efficiency for quick job and
uniform spraying of pesticides,
minimum human labour,
Drones to be yet another like
power tillers, tractors,
sprayers, pumps, et al.
But who will pay for KISAN
drone ?
With a 10 kg payload will cost Rs 350-450 per acre.
In 6 hours, covers about 30 acres of farmland.

77. Useful acaricides and their dosage Useful nematicides and their dosage
Common name
Trade
name
ml per
litre of
water
Common
name
Trade name Dose
per
acre
Abamectin 1.9 % EC Vartimek 0.5 ml Carbofuran 3
% G
Furadan 3G,
Furi 3G,
Denfuron 3G
9 - 12
kg
Fenazaquin 10 % EC Magister 2 ml Carbosulfan
6 % G
Marshal G 7.5 kg
Fenpyroximate 5 % SC Sedna 1.5 ml Nimbidin 15
% G
Nimgon G 9 kg
Fenpyroximate 5 % EC Mitigate 1.5 ml
Hexithiazox 5.45 % EC Maiden 1.5 ml
Milbemectin 1 % EC Milbinok 1.0 ml
Propargite 57 % EC Oomite 2 ml
Spiromecifen 22.9 % Oberon 1.0 ml

78. DISEASE MANAGENT IN JUTE
WHEN INCIDENCE IS MORE THAN 2 % Spray
carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP; JK Stein
50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0 g / litre of water
mancozeb (Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45)
@ 5.0 g / litre of water
copper oxy chloride (Blitox 50; Blue
copper 50; Fytolan) @ 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre
of water
In case of very high incidence spary carbendazim -
copper oxy chloride – carbendazim at 10 days
interval

79. Table. Chemical name of fungicide, trade
products and method of application jute crop
Chemical name of
fungicide
Trade products Effective against
diseases of jute
crop
Method of
application
Dosage
of seed
treatm
ent
Dosage
of spray
Carbendazim
(MBC)
Bavistin 50 WP
JK stein 50 WP
Derosal 50 WP
Stem rot,
Hooghly wilt,
Anthracnose,
Soft rot,
Black band
Seed
treatment
and / or
spray
2.0 g
/ Kg
seed
2.0 g /
litre of
water
Copper
oxychloride
(COC)
Blitox 50 WP
Fytolan 50 WP
Blue Copper 50
WP
Do Spray - 4.0 –
5.0 g
/ litre
of
water
Mancozeb Dithane M 45
Indofil M 45
Do Seed
treatment
and / or
Spray
5.0 g
/ Kg
seed
5.0 g /
litre of
water

80. FUNGICIDES FOR JUTE DISEASE MANAGEMENT
DOSE: 0.1 % ACTIVE
INGREDIENT OR 2 G
PER KG SEED OR 2 G
/LITRE WATER
DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE
INGREDIENT OR 6 G
/LITRE WATER
DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE
INGREDIENT OR 5 G
PER KG SEED OR 5 G
/LITRE WATER

81. Birds as friends: predators of
Lepidopteran pests
Birds as friends: Good provision for sitting of birds around the fields;
predators of lepidopteran pests, lower the population

82. LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
Prevention is
better than
cure.
A stitch in time
saves nine.

83. Jute Crop Calendar*
Time Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Soil/
Field
Deep
ploughing/
exposure to
sun + FYM/
Compost
/Lime/Green
manuring
Basal NPK=26:40:40/ha
+ Bleaching powder
@ 30 kg/ha
First
weeding at
15 DAS +
Top
dressing N
27 kg/ha
Second
weeding at
45 DAS +
Top dressing
N 27 kg/ha
Crop Sowing Thinning to
50- 60 plants
/sq m
Harvest
ing
Retting
Stem
rot
Seed treatment
with
Carbendazim
@2 g/kg
Spray
Carbendazim
@2 g/L
Spray
Tebuconazole
@2 ml/L
Insect
pests
Spray profenophos
/chloropyriphos @2ml/L
Spray
chloropyriph
os+cypermet
hrin @
1.5ml/L
Yellow
mite
Spray
Spiromecifen
@ 1ml/L
Weeds Pre-emergence application
of butachlor @3ml/L within
48 hr of sowing in moist soil
Post-emergence
application of quizalofop
ethyl @ 2ml/L at 15- 20
DAS
*Timing of each operation is based on past experience and may be finalized to suit local factors and conditions.

84. PLANT PROTECETION EQUIPMENTS

85. SAFE METHOD OF USING PESTICIDES
 Keep pesticides out of reach of children
 Surplus insecticide solution can be disposed
of safely by pouring into a pit hole in the
ground.
 Bottles or packages to be buried must be
made unusable.
 The reuse of pesticide containers is risky
and not recommended.
 Use suitable equipment for measuring out,
mixing and transferring insecticides.
 Clean blocked nozzles with a soft probe.
Use the pressure-release valve of the pump
or a soft probe to clear blockages in the
nozzle.
 Wear gloves when handling concentrates.
 Care should be taken not to touch any part
of the body with gloves while handling
pesticides.
General hygiene
 Do not eat, drink or smoke while using
insecticides.
 Keep food in tightly closed boxes.
 Do not stir liquids or scoop pesticide with bare
hands.
 Wash the hands and face with soap and water
each time the pump has been refilled.
 Eat and drink only after washing the hands and
face .
 Take a shower or bath at the end of the day.
Protective equipments  The discharge from
the sprayer should be
directed away from
the body.
 Leaking equipment
should be repaired.
 Skin should be
washed after any
accidental
contamination.
 Cooking utensils, food
and drinking-water
containers should be
put safely.
PESTICIDE POISONING
 Extreme weakness and fatigue.
 Skin: irritation, burning sensation, sweating
 Eyes: itching, burning sensation, watering.
 Digestive system: burning sensation in mouth and
throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.
 Nervous system: headaches, dizziness, slurred
speech, fits, unconsciousness.
 Respiratory system: cough, chest pain and tightness,
difficulty with breathing, wheezing.

86. THANK
YOU
Suggestions are welcome at
rkde @rediffmail.com
or 9883429344