Nursing management of child with Nephrotic syndrome. The Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical state characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema, sometimes accompanied by hematuria, hypertension and reduced glomerular filtration rate.
2. INTRODUCTION
The Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical state
characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
hyperlipidemia and edema, sometimes accompanied
by hematuria, hypertension and reduced glomerular
filtration rate.
3. DEFINITION
Nephrotic syndrome is clinical manifestation of a
large number of glomerular disorders. It is
characterized by massive proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema
which generalized and also known as anasarca or
dropsy.
8. CLASSIFICATION
Primary nephrotic syndrome/ minimal change
nephrotic syndrome(MCNS)/ idiopathic nephrosis /
childhood nephrosis : result from the disorder within
the glomerulus
Secondary disorder- result from secondary to
systemic disease such as hepatitis, systemic lupus
erythematosus. Heavy metal poisoning, or cancer
Congenital form inherited as an autosomal
recessive disorder
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
.
Due to metabolic, pathologic, biochemical, physiochemical, or
immune mediated disturbances
Alteration in glomerular basement membrane
Increasingly permeable to protein
Decreased colloidal pressure
Increase secretion
of aldosterone
Edema
Tubular Na+ and
H2O
reabsorption
Decreased
vascular vollume
Decreased renal
blood flow
10. CLINICAL FEATURES
Edema around eyes,
legs and labia
Anasarca
Ascites
Hydrothorax and
hydrocele
Decreased urine output
frothy urine, increased
specific gravity
11. Hematuria
Fever , rash, joint pain
Pallor
Irritability
Loss of appetite but
weight gain
Susceptibility to
infections
12. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
24 urine protein measurement
Blood test – lipid profile, electrolytes, urea,
creatinine
Imaging of kidney
Auto immune markers and Ultrasound of whole
abdomen
13. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
The goal of medical management is reduction of protein
excretion
PREDNISOLONE – 2mg/kg/day – orally- divided doses
for 6 weeks , thereafter 1.5 mg/ kg as single dose on
alternate days for 6 weeks , after discontinued
Protenuria disappears within the first week of therapy and
negative dipstick test for 2 consecutive days shows
positive response to treatment.
14. Frequent relapses are treated by alkylating agent
such as CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ( 2mg/kg daily
for 12 weeks ), NITROGEN MUSTARD,
CYLOSPORINE OR LEVAMISOLE
Diuretic and salt poor albumin may be indicated in
presence of severe edema. FURESEMIDE ( 1-4
mg/kg/ day in 2 divided doses) along with
aldosterone antagonist spironolactone ( 2-3 mg/kg/
day in 2 divided doses ) may be prescribed
15. Well balanced diet rich in protein.
Restrict sodium when marked edema is present
Water restriction – if decreasing salt intake does
not control edema.
16. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for impaired skin integrity related to edema and
decreased circulation
Risk for infection related to urinary loss of gamma
globulins and immunosuppressive therapy
Risk for deficient fluid volume( intra vascular)
related to protenuria, edema, effects of diuretics
Excess fluid volume related decreased excretion of
sodium and fluid retension
17. Anxiety (parental ) related to hospitalization of
child and caring for a child with a chronic disease
Deficient knowledge about home management
related to anxiety or incomplete understanding
18. Nursing management
Care during hospitalization
Administer the prescribed medications
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Prevention of infection
Promote rest
Provide emotional support
Discharge planning and home care teaching
19. Care during hospitalization
Educate importance of hospitalization
Involve the parents for caring the child during
hospitalization
Regularly monitor the vital signs
Monitor the signs of infection
Detailed charting of intake output
Daily urine examination for albumin
20. Administer the prescribed
medications
Child is receiving steroids, so the nurse must be
aware about the side effects of theses drugs
Patients should be observed for gastrointestinal
bleeding, gastrointestinal ulcers, hyperglycemia
and cataract
21. Maintain fluid and electrolyte
balance
Monitor serum sodium level of the child
Fluid intake either oral/ IV should be strictly
monitored
Assess for venous stasis, ascites and pulmonary
edema
Accurately document the daily weight
22. Prevention of infection
Use strict aseptic technique during invasive
procedure
Monitor vital signs to detect early signs of
infection
Isolate the child as he is immunosuppressive
therapy
23. Promote rest
Provide passive play to the child as tolerated
Allow a period of rest after activities
Limit visitors during acute phase of illness
24. Provide emotional support
Explain parents about disease and its treatment
Allow the parents and child to express their
feelings, due to sudden weight gain and disturbed
body image
25. Discharge planning and home care
teaching
Explain to the parents about treatment program,
follow-up and risk of relapse
Encourage the parents to measure child’s weight
weekly
Tell them to contact doctor if any unusual
symptoms appear
Explain about the medications to be continued at
home.
26.
27. Dietary modification
Advise them to reduce sodium intake 1-2gm daily
Food should be avoided
• salt used in cooking and at table
•Seasoning blends ( garlic salt, season salt )
•Canned soups
•Canned vegetable containing salt
•Prepared food
28. •Fast foods
•Soya sauce
•Ketchup
•Salad dressing etc .
Child can eat moderate amount of high protein animal
food( lean cuts of meat, fish, poultry)
Ask them to avoid saturated fats ( Butter, Cheese, Fried
foods, Fatty cuts of red meat and egg yolk )
Ask to increase unsaturated fat intake ( olive oil, canola oil,
peanut butter and nuts)
The child can eat low fat desserts.
29. Increase intake of fruits and vegetables
No potassium or phosphorus restriction is
necessary
Monitor fluid intake includes all fluids and foods
that are liquid at room temperature.
31. REFERENCE
Hockenberry Marilyn J Hockenberry, Wilson David,
Rodgers Cheryl C. Wong’s essentials of peadiatric
nursing; 10th ed, Elsevier publications, New delhi; 2017
James Rowen Susan; Nursing care of children:
Principles and practice; 2nd ed;elsevier publishers,
London; 2002
32. Sharma Rimple; Essentials of peadiatric nursing,
2nd ed;2017, Jaypee brothers medical
publishers(p) Ltd, New delhi