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~Healthy World ResearchOrganization
~Healthy World Research Organization

2. Spirulina
Publisher : Healthy World Research Organisation
635/1 B, Bibwewadi
New Gajra Society,
Pune 411 037 Maharashtra (India)
All rights reserved
Copyright' 2006 : Healthy World Research Organisation
Spirulina Capsules is a trademark of Pushpam Health Care Products
No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher .
For questions or comments concerning con-
tents in this book directed to the author please
,
send correspondence to the above address.
No information contained here is meant to re-
place the advice of your doctor or health care
practitioner The data and opinions appearing
.
in this book are for informational purposes only.
Healthy World Research Organisation does not
offer medical advice, and it encourages read-
ers to seek advice from qualified health profes-
sionals.
Printed in India
20

3. What is Spirulina?
SPIRULINA
Spirulina is a blue green alga of vegetable origin. For centuries,
Spirulina has been in use as a natural whole-food food source. It is
considered to be one of the richest sources of a vast range of
nutritional ingredients.
The spirulina production involves:
Sunlight
Condensation
Nutrients
Co2
Cultivation
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4. Selected strains are used for cultivation of alga in specially
constructed ponds. Agitation of algal culture is necessary to keep
nutrients evenly dispersed and also to expose all the cells to sunlight.
Constant agitation of water is one of the important parameters in
cultivation of spirulina.
H2O
Washing and Dehydration
The algal biomass is carefully washed & harvested using
specially made filters to recover biomass.
Product
Drying
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5. The washed biomass is spray dried and is pulverized to get
desired particle size and packed in vegetarian capsules. These
capsules are then packed in appropriate containers. This entire
procedure is done in special & protected area.
The fantastic benefits of Spirulina and
its positive effects on the human body
To understand the health benefits of Spirulina, it is essential to
comprehend the meanings of nutrition and nutritional ingredients.
Nutrition is the science of food and its relation to health. This
science is the study of understanding what the human body requires
for its growth, development and maintenance, so as to prevent ill
health or disease.
Various nutritional ingredients are required to be present in the
diet to perform a number of essential actions in the body to maintain
the health.
Nutrients or nutritional ingredients can be broadly classified into
two groups: Macronutrients and Micronutrients.
Macronutrients are nutritional ingredients required (for keeping
good health) in large amounts while Micronutrients are those that are
required in relatively smaller amounts.
Let's look at the table given below to understand this
classification better:
05

6. Nutrients
Fluids Macronutrients Micronutrients
Proteins Vitamins Minerals
Carbohydrates
Lipids VITAMIN A Calcium
VITAMIN B Phosphorous
VITAMIN C Magnesium
VITAMIN D Sodium
VITAMIN E Potassium
VITAMIN K Chloride
VITAMIN H Sulfur
VITAMIN P Iron
Iodine
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Fluoride
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Germanium
Boron
Now, let us have a brief look at what exactly these ingredients are and
the roles they play in the development of the human body.
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7. Fluids
Fluids are essential for the formation of blood. The human body
gets essential nutrients and oxygen through the flowing blood. Fluids
are also present in each and every cell to maintain the environment
and vitality of the cells. All liquids (water and other) we consume
constitute the fluids part of our nutrition.
Proteins
Glycine Alanine
Protos means first. Proteins are the basic chemical units of the
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8. body. One gets proteins from meat, fish, milk, rice, soy, potatoes etc.
Food ingredients containing proteins
ANIMAL
SOURCES
PLANT
SOURCES
Protein molecules are made up of amino acids in various
proportions and arrangements. Amino acids are the basic units that
form proteins. (Amino acids are so called because they have an
amino group (NH2) attached to an organic acid (COOH)).
Amino acids are further classified into three groups:
1) Essential amino acids: These amino acids are not
synthesized in the human body and must be supplied to it
by the external food intake.
2) Non-essential amino acids: These can be synthesized in
the body.
3) Conditionally essential (semi-essential) amino acids:
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9. These are essential occasionally.
These proteins/amino acids are required to perform various
functions in the body. Some of their important functions are as
follows:
1) Proteins are required for growth and development of the
human body.
2) Proteins are necessary for repairing damage to the body.
3) Proteins provide energy to the body (1 gm of proteins
generates 4kcal of energy).
4) Proteins produce various enzymes in the body. Enzymes
are substances that catalyze chemical reactions in the
body.
5) Proteins are a requisite in the production of hormones.
Hormones are glandular secretions that are required for
proper functioning of the bodily systems (e.g. insulin is a
hormone secreted by the pancreas (gland) and is needed
for maintaining the blood sugar levels).
6) Proteins are necessary for the synthesis of antibodies and
hence are essential for the proper functioning of the
body's defense system.
7) Proteins are required for the transportation of various
nutrients and drugs throughout the body.
In short, our body cannot survive without proteins and amino
acids. A deficiency of proteins could lead to retarded growth, reduced
defense power, improper wound healing, inadequate absorption of
nutrients and a lot of other disorders. This is the reason why an
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10. adequate intake of nutritional proteins is essential for our existence.
Spirulina and Proteins
Spirulina is approximately 65-71% extremely beneficial
proteins. Following is the table that lists the amino acids in Spirulina:
Essential amino acids Non-Essential Conditionally essential
amino acids amino acids
Isoleucine Alanine Cysteine
Leucine Arginine Histidine
Lysine Aspartic Acid Tyrosine
Phenylalanine Glutamic Acid
Methionine Glycine
Threonine Proline
Tryptophan Serine
Valine
Spirulina contains all of the 8 essential amino acids. It also
contains non-essential and conditionally essential amino acids.
Take a look at the table given below for the information on
different types of protein sources and the comparison between them
based on the amount of protein they provide:
10

11. Nutritional ingredient Protein percentage
Eggs (whole) 13.3%
Soyabean (whole) 43.2%
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12. Wheat germ 29.2%
Peanuts 25.3%
12

13. Spirulina 65%
Clearly, Spirulina is the highest, most potent and most digestible
protein source known, and this is what makes it one of the most
valuable sources of proteins.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are a valuable combination of carbon, oxygen
and hydrogen in the same proportion as water.
13

14. These (carbohydrates) are abundant in foods of vegetable origin
such as cereals, pulses, fruits, root vegetables, etc.
The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy to the
body. They provide approximately 50-70% of the total energy
required by the body (1 gm of carbohydrates provides 4 kcal of
energy).
Apart from providing ready fuel, carbohydrates also play a vital
role in maintaining proper functioning of the liver, central nervous
system, heart and muscle contraction.
The important thing to know is that when sufficient
carbohydrates are present in the body, proteins are spared from
being the main source of energy and hence do their (intended) jobs
like growth and repair, without being wastefully utilized.
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15. Spirulina and Carbohydrates
Spirulina is 10-15% carbohydrates in the form of
polysaccharides. As our cells can easily absorb them, these
(polysaccharides) make Spirulina a great source of quick energy.
Lipids
Lipids are organic substances that are soluble in fat solvents
such as alcohol, ether and chloroform but insoluble in water. Dairy
fat, butter, beefs, egg yolk, oils from seeds and nuts are the common
sources of lipids.
15

16. Lipids are the richest source of energy. They also serve as
reservoirs of energy, so whenever the body does not get sufficient
carbohydrates or proteins it can draw energy from the lipids (1 gm of
lipids provides 9Kcal of energy). A drastic reduction in fat intake leads
to weight loss and weakness. Up to 50-60 gm of lipid intake is
considered to be adequate.
Lipids are necessary because:
1) They serve as vehicles for the absorption of vitamins
like A, D, E and K.
2) They aid in growth.
3) They help in the formation of all cell membranes.
Spirulina is approximately 7% lipids. These include Gamma
Linolenic Acid, Glycolipids and Sulfolipids. By providing these lipids
Spirulina helps promote cholesterol normalization.
16

17. Vitamins
Vitamins are the essential compounds needed in small
quantities for maintaining a normal metabolism, growth rate and
health.
Spirulina contains a range of vitamins. Following table lists the
vitamins present in Spirulina, depicts the role of different vitamins
and reveals the perils of vitamin deficiency.
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18. Vitamin and sources Function in the body Deficiency may
lead to-
VITAMIN A RETINOL Maintains vision function. Xerophtalmia
Maintains surface tissue like. (dryness of eyes).
Liver skin and eye. Night Blindness.
Milk Functioning of immune. Dry, rough skin.
Vegetables system. lowered resistance
Yellow fruits Antioxidant activity. to infections.
Carrot Reduced hair
growth in children.
VITAMIN D: Absorption of Calcium and Rickets in children
CHOLECALCIFEROL Phosphorous. (bending and
distortion of bones).
Egg Yolk Maintains teeth and bone
Milk health. Bone softening in
Liver adults.
Butter
Sunlight Osteoporosis
(decreased density
of bones).
VITAMIN E: ALPHA Protects cell membranes. Anemia in infants.
TOCOPHEROL Enhances the activity of
Vegetables Vitamin A.
Vegetable oils Development of Red Blood
Cereals Cells.
Poultry Antioxidant activity.
Fish
Meat
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19. VITAMIN K Aids in the process of blood Bleeding tendencies.
PHYTONADIONE clotting.
Green Vegetables
Cereals
Meat
VITAMIN H BIOTIN Maintains Lipid and Skin inflammation.
Cheese Carbohydrate metabolism
Egg Yolk
Cauliflower
Peanuts
Butter
VITAMIN B is further classified into the following subgroups:
B1 THIAMINE Maintains nerve and muscle Lack of appetite.
Grains functioning Carbohydrate Weakness.
Beans metabolism. Constipation
Sunflower Seeds Beriberi:
Pork Nerve disorder.
Heart disease.
Fluid accumulation
in the body.
B2 RIBOFLAVIN Maintains respiration of cells Cracks and sores
Milk and Food metabolism. around the mouth
Meat Nerve and blood cell and nose.
Cereals development. Eye diseases and
Pulses Proper functioning of Vitamin Visual problems.
Vegetables B6 and B3.
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20. B3 NIACIN Maintains acid secretion in Pellagra, a disease
Cereals stomach and Food characterized by
Meat metabolism. skin inflammation.
Mushroom Maintains the digestive and Diarrhea.
Bran nervous system Mouth sores.
Nerve disturbances.
B5 PANTOTHENIC Synthesis of hormones and Grey hair.
ACID chemical regulators that Burning in feet
Animal tissue perform various functions in during night.
Whole grain cereals the body.
Legumes
B6 PYRIDOXINE Maintains Protein and Anemia.
Egg yolk Carbohydrate metabolism. Depression.
Milk Support red blood cell Convulsions.
Meat formation. Loss of appetite.
Spinach Promote nerve and brain Nausea.
Banana function.
Cereals
VITAMIN B9 Production of genetic Nervous system
FOLIC ACID material. defects in fetus.
Vegetables Maintains Protein metabolism Anemia.
Cereals Promotes red blood cell Upset Digestive
Meat formation. system.
Liver
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21. B12 Builds genetic material. Anemia.
COBALAMINES Protein synthesis. Nerve damage.
Milk Formation of Red
Cheese Blood Cells.
Eggs
By now you must have realized that Spirulina houses a vast store
of beneficial vitamins. By offering these vitamins, Spirulina not only
maintains the health of human body but also may prevent disorders
that result from the deficiency of vitamins.
Minerals
Minerals are elements required by the human body to perform
various important functions and are found in the soil. We are
incapable of creating them ourselves.
The food that is grown in depleted soil may not contain sufficient
amount of minerals.
Spirulina contains a vast range of minerals. Following table gives
the source of various minerals. The table also gives information about
the role of different minerals and the consequences of their
deficiency.
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22. Minaral and sources Function in the body Deficiency may
lead to-
CALCIUM Development of bone Rickets in children
Milk and teeth. (bending and
Milk products Nerve transmission. distortion of bones).
Cheese Maintains blood pressure. Bone softening in
Muscle contraction. adults.
Blood clotting. Osteoporosis
(decreased density of
bones).
PHOSPHORUS Formation of bones and Nausea.
Chicken Breast teeth. Lack of appetite.
Milk Maintains Food metabolism Weakness.
Milk products Absorption and Rickets.
Lentils transportation of nutrients. Softening of bones.
Egg Yolk
Nuts
Cheese
MAGNESIUM Cellular respiration. Lethargy.
Spinach Protein synthesis. Muscle weakness.
Beef Muscle relaxation. Depression.
Cashews Abnormal functioning
Wheat of the heart.
Bran
Cereals
Dairy products
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23. SODIUM Cellular functioning. Fatigue.
Salts Maintains blood pressure. Weakness.
Cheese Keep the acid-base balance Confusion.
Fish in the body. Muscle cramps.
Butter Muscle contraction.
Nuts
POTASSIUM Cellular functioning. Nausea.
Cereals Maintains blood pressure. Lack of appetite.
Peanuts Muscle contraction. Muscle weakness.
Bananas Keep the acid-base balance Irritability.
Orange Juice in the body. Abdominal distension
Green Beans
Mushrooms
IRON Production of hemoglobin Anemia (pale skin,
Liver (hemoglobin is present in weakness, fatigue,
Meat the blood and carries headaches,
Green leafy oxygen). breathlessness).
vegetables Craving for non food
substances.
ZINC Maintains Food metabolism. Immunological
Beef Support immunity. disorders.
Whole grains Wound healing. Growth retardation.
Peanuts Growth. Loss of taste.
Beans Fetal development.
Fish
Poultry
23

24. SELENIUM Antioxidant activity. Mental retardation.
Kidney Heart abnormalities
Meat in children.
Grains
CHROMIUM Work with insulin to regulate Impaired tolerance
Animal food energy metabolism. for glucose.
Wheat Potentiates action of insulin.
MANGANESE Maintains Food metabolism. Unknown.
Tea Muscle and bone
Whole Grains development
Cereal
Fruits and Vegetables
COPPER Development of skin, hair Premature and low
Liver and other pigments birth weight infants.
Meat Formation of Red Blood Cells
Sea food Connective tissue and nerve
Cereals formation.
Pulses
Nuts
GERMANIUM Immunity enhancement. Unclear.
Wheat Stimulation of natural
Vegetables killer cells.
Bran
Leguminous
seeds
24

25. Spirulina offers a large number of minerals required by the
human body (as seen in the above given table) and, it can be easily
understood that, Spirulina can play a vital role in maintaining health.
The intake of Spirulina may help in the prevention of various
disorders that result from the deficiency of minerals.
In addition to the macro and micronutrients (discussed earlier in
this book), Spirulina also contains a few important natural pigment
phytonutrients like:
Chlorophyll
Phycocyanin
Carotenoids
These phytonutrients are essential for the synthesis of various
enzymes that are required for various metabolic processes.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is supposed to play an important role in maintaining
hemoglobin in the body. Hemoglobin is a substance in the red blood
cells, contains iron (heme) and is required for the transportation of
oxygen. The structure of chlorophyll is similar to that of hemoglobin.
The only difference is that chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion at its
core, while hemoglobin contains an iron molecule. It is proposed that
if chlorophyll is consumed with iron, the magnesium may be
displaced and hemoglobin is produced. This is how Spirulina intake
25

26. can work out to be beneficial in anemia (a condition in which
hemoglobin concentration in the body is reduced). Chlorophyll also
has beneficial effects on the digestive system. It normalizes the
secretion of acids in the stomach.
Chlorophyll stimulates the movements of intestines and can
facilitate the passage of stools. It also helps in the regeneration of
injured cells. Chlorophyll is even known for its effects on heart: it can
increase the efficiency of the pumping function of the heart.
Phycocyanin
It is this pigment that gives Spirulina its blue color. Phycocyanin
contains both magnesium and iron. It is involved in various body
functions like digestion of amino acids, stimulation of defense
system, building of blood cells.
Carotenoids
Spirulina contains natural carotenoids. Carotenoids are the
precursors of vitamin A i.e., they are capable of producing vitamin A
(hence Spirulina can offer all the benefits of Vitamin A). The added
advantage of carotenoids from Spirulina is that these are converted
to Vitamin A only when the body has a demand for it. This minimizes
the chances of a vitamin A overdose.
26

27. Various carotenes present in Spirulina are:
1) Alpha-carotene
2) Beta-carotene
3) Xanthophylls
4) Cryptoxanthin
5) Echinenone
6) Zeaxanthin
7) Lutein
(As averted at the start of this informative book) Spirulina has
been used for centuries by cultures across the globe. It is also well
researched upon. Various studies have proven the role and
advantage of Spirulina in different conditions. Also, Spirulina is very
well tolerated- the safety of Spirulina is established by various
research studies.
27

28. Spirulina
An unhealthy standard of living and rapid lifestyle changes (lack
of exercise and sedentary lifestyle) associated with today's 'modern'
life style are taking their toll on our health. Also, the impending
problem of malnutrition is getting further aggravated by the
worrisome and irregular dietary habits and by the indiscriminate
consumption of fast foods and refined food diets.
The only solution to counter this degeneration is the strict
observance of a lifestyle that provides a balanced, square meal
containing all nutritional ingredients and a diligent effort towards
maintaining some form of physical activity. But, in reality, it may not
be the most practical thing, as the world today demands a different
and varied set of lifestyle rules. Though we can never debunk the
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29. ideal theory, we need a supplemental solution that could bridge the
gap between an 'ideal' lifestyle and the 'real' lifestyle. We need a
powerful nutritional supplement. And, Spirulina could well be our
answer- it provides all of the essential nutritional ingredients without
being a burden on our time and our lifestyles.
1) GREENWAYS Spirulina is microscopic blue-green algae
that exist as a single celled organism turning sunlight
into life energy.
2) Greenways Spirulina uses 100% certified organic
Spirulina. This ensures that no synthetic and potentially
hazardous chemicals have been used during cultivation.
3) Greenways Spirulina contains a unique combination of
high-grade proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals,
trace elements and Phytonutrients. It is a cholesterol
free and low calorie source of easily digestible proteins
making it a popular food for those who want to stay slim.
4) Spirulina is Nature's richest whole food source of
Vitamin B12, Vitamin E, Provitamin A (beta carotene)
and Chlorophylls. GREENWAYS Spirulina is the "Food of
the Future". It is not a drug. It has an important place in
modern diet management & provides vital energy.
5) Greenways Spirulina is safe, non-toxic, and non-habit
29

30. forming.
6) Greenways Spirulina is a 100% vegetarian product. Unlike
most manufacturers who use capsules made from animal
gelatin origin, the capsules used to hold Greenways
Spirulina are made from natural plant ingredients
(Greenways Spirulina capsules are manufactured at state-
of-the-art, GMP certified facility near Pune, India).
7) Each vegetarian capsule of GREENWAYS Spirulina contains
500 mg of Certified organic Spirulina powder.
8) Suggested use: For adults- 2-3 capsules twice a day
For children- 1-2 capsules twice a day.
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31. SPIRULINA
Healthcare Private Limited
635/1 B, New Gajra Society, Bibwewadi,
Pune - 411037, Maharashtra, INDIA.
Tel. : +91-20-3252 4594 / 3252 4607
Fax : +91-20-2421-6455
email: info@greenwayshealthcare.com
website: www.greenwayshealthcare.com
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