Epidemiological intelligence involves collecting disease data, analyzing it, and disseminating findings to relevant parties. Data collection involves methods like mortality registration, ongoing morbidity reporting from farms and hospitals, and diagnostic laboratory records. Data is collated and analyzed to identify disease determinants and support control strategies. Analysis results and ongoing reports on control efforts are expressed and interpreted, then promptly distributed to data providers, decision makers, and the public using formats like tables, graphs, maps, and verbal/written communications. The goal is providing early warning of health threats and supporting evidence-based decisions.

1. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
INTELLIGENCE

2. Definition
Epidemic Intelligence can be defined
as the process to detect, verify,
analyze, assess and investigate public
health events that may represent a
threat to public health and Providing
early warning signals is a main
objective of public health surveillance
systems.

3. Epidemiological
Intelligence
Surveillance
Intensive
follow-up

4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
INTELLIGENCE
SURVEILLANCE
• Multifaceted
• Long term
• Some directed action
INTENSIVE FOLLOW-UP
• Focussed effort
• Short duration
• More flexible

5. SURVEILLANCE
Surveillance means an active
intelligence and accounting process
intended to continuously monitor the
overall disease and health status of a
population or a group of population

6. Components of surveillance
1. Collection of data
2. Collation and analysis of data
3. Expression , interpretation and
prompt distribution of disease
intelligence information

7. 1) Collection of data
Our main focus s’d be
• Animal identification
• Disease nomenclature
• Disease classification
Other consideration
• Data availability
• Data quality

8. Animal identification
2 types
• Herd basis
• Individual basis
Why animal identification required?
1. To show ownership
2. To know breeding status
3. Part of some testing or disease control
effort
4. Tracing back origin (slaughter house)

9. Various methods of
identification
A. Firebrands
B. Ear notching
C. Paint marks
D. Ear tags
E. Neck chains
F. Freeze brands
G. Detailed physical appearance
H. Tattoos
I. Electronic identification(s/c implantation of a
transponder) by electronic interrogator
J. M.C.I. system of cattle identification in USA

10. DISEASE NOMENCLATURE
AND CLASSIFICATION
Requirement
1. Computer processing of disease data
2. Numerically coded classification of diseases
Basis of nomenclature and
classification
 Standard Nomenclature Of Veterinary Diseases
And Operation(S.N.V.D.O.)
 It is accepted by WHO as a standard
 Consists of two four digit series(0000-0000)
 First instance for topographic classification
 Second instance for etiological designation

11. Surveillance data sources
A. Mortality registration
B. Ongoing morbidity incidence reporting
C. Diagnostic laboratory records of morbidity
and mortality
D. Special programmes for incidence data
E. Morbidity prevalence monitoring or survey
F. Interview approach
G. Other than diagnostic data

12. A. Mortality registration
• Public health agency- registration of
human deaths in government agency
• For veterinary
1. Periodic livestock census and survey
2. Routine mortality data (heard health type
veterinary practice)
3. Intensive follow-up studies of veterinary
outbreak
4. Bread registration

13. A. Mortality registration
4. Herd improvement schemes
5. Population based disease registries
6. Life table and other summaries

14. B. Ongoing morbidity
incidence and reporting
It is considered as backbone of public health
• Sources
1. Farm records (production records
,reproduction records, vital statistics)
2. Individual herd surveillance
programme(disease recording and analysis by
veterinarian)
3. Individual farm unit surveillance programme
4. Institutional veterinary hospital

15. DAIRY
HERD
RECORD
ANIMAL
IDENTIFICAT
ION
HERD
POPULATIO
N
CHARACTE
R

16. B. Ongoing morbidity
incidence and reporting
• Constraints
A. Mostly depends upon voluntary
reporting of cases
B. Lack of laboratory facilities
C.Lack of co-operation among reporter
D.Incompleteness of reporting

17. • Steps to improve incidence
reporting
A. Better communication(use of telephone
communication)
B. Efforts to improve co-operation among
reporter
C. Providing good diagnostic lab facility
D. Govt. lab s’d provide subsidized services for
specific diseases to improve surveillance
E. Encourage reporting of unusual/exotic
diseases

18. Problem oriented medical
records
Aim- To improve recording system in
medical and veterinary hospital
• It consists of 4 parts
1. Data base
2. Problem list
3. Initial plan
4. Progress note

19. 1.Data base
• It consists of following
components
I. Patient complaint
II. Patient profile
III. Past history & system review
IV. Physical examination
V. Baseline lab examination

20. 2.Problem list
• It is core of problem oriented medical record
• Begins with a numbered index list(patients
past and present medical problems +
highest possible level of diagnostic
precision)
• Problems may be classified as
I. Primary/secondary/predisposing/contributin
g
II. Inactive/active/resolved
III. Minor/temporary

21. 2.Problem list
• Problem list always needs
revision and modification
• It provides a key or index for
action to be taken

22. 3. Initial plan
• It follows problem list
• Plan is according to diagnostic
effort required and management
• Different possibility s’d be ruled
out by using specific tests

23. 4. Progress notes
• Consists of results or data produced
• The progress notes again to problem lists
then to plan of action
• All new data s’d integrated to records
One of the most pre requisite in
use of institutional record is
record abstracting and retrieval
system

24. C. Diagnostic laboratory
record for morbidity and
mortality
• It includes
1. Sero-epidemiologic survey
2. Special investigation
3. Intensive follow up of outbreak
• Needs adequate laboratory back-up
• Most useful on unset of outbreak
• Laboratory records based on disease
nomenclature and classification

25. C. Diagnostic laboratory record
for morbidity and mortality
• Data of an herd health represents
1. Disease of ill animal
2. Patterns of disease in herds
• Sampling must be adequate for
laboratory diagnosis
• Must not be limited to micro org.
isolation ,toxin detection and
pathologic changes

26. D. Special programmes for
incidence data
• Examples
1. Almora and contra costa animal tumour
registries
• It includes epidemiologic information in
neoplasm in cat and dog
2. Quebec animal health insurance
programme
• This animal health insurance programme used
as a disease surveillance programme

27. D. Special programmes for
incidence data
• It uses invoice provided by
veterinarians
• Invoice contains
1. Identification of owner
2. Identification of animal by species ,age ,
breed , sex
3. Diagnosis of disease
4. It’s treatment
5. cost

28. E. Morbidity prevalence
monitoring or survey
• Most useful data for surveillance in veterinary
epidemiology
• Periodic mass survey programme is backbone
of livestock disease control programme
• Survey by following methods
1. Immune diagnostic methods
2. Other mass diagnostic tests
3. Necropsy examination
4. Diagnosis in abattoir

29. E. Morbidity prevalence
monitoring or survey
• Shortcomings
1. Abattoir diagnosis mostly confined to
consumer protection
2. Potential case finding & infected herd
finding for epidemiological survey is
neglected
3. Administrative separation of veterinary
food protection service from animal
disease control programme

30. Sero epidemiology(extended
use)
1. Periodic or routine surveys for any infection
2. Prevalence estimate surveys (anaemia ,
nutritional deficiency disease, metabolic
disease, toxicity etc.
3. Biological monitoring of environment
4. Distribution and frequency genetic marker(
blood group, abnormal hb.)
5. Banking of highly selected specimen(future
studies)

31. F. Disease intelligence by
interview aproach
• Mostly Conducted by a veterinarian
• Better co-operation than written qustionare
• E.g.-
• California sheep industry pilot study.
• It gives information about
1. Description of sheep industry
2. Number and distribution of sheep
3. Management and husbandry practices

32. 3. Management and husbandry
practices
4. Productivity
5. Major diseases and problems
6. Morbidity and mortality data
7. Prevention and control
8. Costs and treatment

33. G. Surveillance data other
than diagnostic data
• Monitoring of drug sales to owner
• Useful when diagnosis is made by
farmers
• Unusual drug purchases/
unexpectedly large purchased drug
indicates requirement of intensive
study

34. Development and improvements
of organization of data sources
• Development of a multifaceted
intelligence programme
A. Qualified epidemiologists
B. Statisticians
C.Disease economists
D.Diagnostic veterinary laboratory
E. Veterinary food protection
F. Extension service worker

35. 2) Collation analysis of data
Data is collated and reduced
Subjected to immediate analysis
Data bank is provided
More detailed future analysis
Identification of disease determinants
Study of animal health economics

36. • Collection of data –government and
non-govt agency
• Collation and analysis of data-
surveillance agency

37. 3) Expression interpretation
and prompt dissemination of
data
• Data is disseminated to
A.Who submitted the basic data
B.Who need to know
C.Who participate in directed action
D.To public(for awareness)

38. Proper approach for
dissemination of data
1. Current, cumulative, comparative
tabular data of continuous surveillance
2. More in depth data for selected
diseases
3. Ongoing reports of progressive control
efforts
4. Alerts of existing/potential problems
5. Notice of relevant changes of legislation

39. 6. Prediction of future disease patterns
7. informative synopsis of specific
intensive follow-ups of cases and
outbreaks
8. Official or other procedural
recommendations
9. Significant literature abstracts or
other disease intelligence
information

40. Various forms of data
representation
1. Tabular
2. Graphic
3. Stastical
4. Cartographic tech.

41. Various media to express
data
1. Press releases
2. Audio tapes
3. Video tapes
4. Extension veterinarians
5. Verbal or written dissemination of
data

42. Use of surveillance data
1. To identify diseases and identify
determinants
2. Disease control strategy
3. Prediction of future disease
incidence
4. Inputs into decision making models
5. Evaluation of animal health
economics