The document discusses computer graphics and describes the basic graphics pipeline process. It is divided into three main parts: application, geometry, and rasterization. In the application step, changes are made to the 3D scene by the CPU. The geometry step is responsible for operations on polygons and vertices, including projection, lighting, clipping, and viewport transformation to convert 3D scenes to 2D screens. Rasterization converts the vector graphics into pixels for output. The document also discusses bitmap and vector graphics, and some applications of computer graphics like presentations, entertainment, education, image processing, and graphical user interfaces.

1. Computer Graphics
By
Ms. Rasika Patil

2. Content
• BASIC GRAPHICS PIPELINE
• BITMAP BASED GRAPHICS
• VECTOR BASED GRAPHICS
• APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

3. BASIC GRAPHICS PIPELINE
• In computer graphics , a computer graphics pipeline rendering
pipeline or simply graphics pipeline is a conceptual model that
describes what steps a graphics system needs to perform to render a
3d scene to 2d screen

4. BASIC GRAPHICS PIPELINE …
A graphics pipeline can be divided into 3 main parts
1. Application
2. Geometry
3. Rasterization

5. Application
The application step is executed by the software on the main processor
(CPU).
During the application step, changes are made to the scene as
required.
for example, by user interaction by means of input devices or during
an animation.
The new scene with all its primitives, usually triangles, lines and points,
is then passed on to the next step in the pipeline

6. GEOMETRY
• The geometry step (with Geometry pipeline), which is responsible for
the majority of the operations with polygons and
their vertices (with Vertex pipeline), can be divided into the following
five tasks. It depends on the particular implementation of how these
tasks are organized as actual parallel pipeline steps.

7. GEOMETRY Cont.
• Coordinates describe the point’s 3D position in a coordinate system
with basic vector x, y, z and origin o.

8. Projection and lighting
• projection in computer graphics means the transformation of a 3D
area into a 2D area. It converts each vertex into a 2d screen position.
• lightning may be applied to determine its color.

9. Clipping
• this removes the parts of the image that are not visible in the 2d
screen view such as the backside of objects or areas that the
application or windows systems covers.

10. Window viewport-Transformation
• In order to output the
image to any target area
(viewport) of the screen,
another transformation,
the window-Viewport
transformation is applied.

11. Rasterization
• The rasterization an image described in a vector graphics format
(shapes) is converted into a raster image (pixel or dots) for output on
a video display or a printer, for storage in a bitmap file format

12. Bitmap
• Bitmap (or raster) images are stored as a series of tiny dots called
pixels. Each pixel is actually a very small square that is assigned a
color, and then arranged in a pattern to form the image.
• When you zoom in on a bitmap image you can see the individual
pixels that make up that image.
• The three most popular image formats used on the Web (PNG, JPEG,
and GIF) are bitmap formats.

13. VECTOR BASED GRAPHICS
• Vector images are not based on pixel patterns, but instead use
mathematical formulas to draw lines and curves that can be
combined to create an image from geometric objects such as circles
and polygons.
• All major browsers support the SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
format.
• Vector graphics are more flexible than bit-maps because they can be
easily re-sized.
• Vector-based graphics can be very useful when creating large
illustrations, as these graphics are resolution independent.

15. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Computer
• Presentation Graphics
• Entertainment
• Education, and Training
• Image Processing
• Graphical User Interface

16. Thank You