3. PAGE
03
PAGE
02
Evolution is the change of
inherited characteristics
within a population over
time through natural
selection, which may
result in the formation
of a new species.
EVOLUTION EVOLUTION
BEFORE DARWIN
ī§Life has existed on Earth for a long
time
ī§Organisms have changed since
the dawn of life.
ī§Many extinctions have
happened since life began.
ī§Fossil evidence, embryology
and comparative anatomy show
similarities between related species
and suggest a common ancestor.
ī§Mendelâs work with genetics
showed how genetic elements are
passed through generations.
4. PAGE
05
PAGE
04
ī(1744-1829)
īBorn in Bazentin-le-Petit, France
īJoined the French Army at 17
when his father passed away.
īHe studied plants in his free time
īAfter 7 years he was injured and
forced to leave.
īHe studied botany &
medicine
īIn the age of 34 he wrote a
book on plants Flore
Francaise.
a) Organisms tend to increase in
size and complexity with time
b) Changes in environment
made special demands on
organisms. Formation of new
organ in the body is the
results of a specific need felt
by the animal
c) The extend of the
development of organs and
their efficiency is proportional
to their use and disuse of the
organs.
d) The observable characteristic
acquired by the parents
during their lifetime can be
transmitted through
reproduction to the offspring.
5. PAGE
07
PAGE
06
īLamarck noticed that
organisms adapted to a
particular place had well
developed specialised organs
īFor example a carnivore will
have long canine teeth to grip its
prey
īHe proposed that if an organ
is used a lot it will develop and
strengthen
īIf it is not used it will
degenerate
īHe called this the law of use
and disuse
īSmall non-functional
organs (vestigial organs)
īComparative anatomy
showed that these organs
resembled those which
were much more developed,
with particular functions, in
other species
īe.g. the appendix in
humans, the internal hind
limbs of whales, and the
internal legs of some
species of snakes (Python
and Boa constrictor)
7. PAGE
11
PAGE
10
Lamarckâs most
famous illustration
was using the giraffe
as an example
ī The long neck of the
giraffe has evolved as a
result of generations of
giraffes stretching
their necks to feed
on the leaves of tall
trees due to food
shortage
ī Each generation
has transmitted to
its offspring a small
increase in length
caused by continual
stretching
īThe modern giraffe thus has a
very long neck due to
inheritance of the acquired
characteristic
8. PAGE
13
PAGE
12
īLamarckâs theory required
adaptation to create new
variations
īThis was followed by the
inheritance of these
characteristics
īThe argument was over
when Mendelâs laws of
genetics were rediscovered
at the end of the 19th
century
ī Variations are due to
hereditary traits passing
from one generation to the
next in predictable
frequencies
īDarwinâs theory requires
random hereditary
variation first, followed by
selection of the variations
9. PAGE
15
PAGE
14
īCharacteristics acquired
during the lifetime of a
parent are not passed onto
the offspring
ī An athlete who develops
a large muscle mass
through training does not
have children who already
possess this large muscle
mass
īErnst Haeckel: In an
attempt to disprove
Lamarckism he is said to
have cut off the tails of mice
for several generations
īThe babies born from this
line of tailless mice still grew
tails as long as their
ancestors
ī This was not exactly a fair
test as the mice had not
stopped using their tails in an
attempt to adapt to their
environment
10. PAGE
17
PAGE
16 ī§In 1820,Spencer was born in
Derby, England on 27 April
ī§In 1837 he began work as a
Civil engineer for a railway,
an occupation he held until
1846.
ī§From 1848 to 1853, Spencer
worked as a writer and
subeditor for The Economist .
ī§In 1851 Spencer's first book,
Social Statics to Human
Happiness appeared.
ī§Upon the death of his uncle
Thomas, in 1853, Spencer
received a small inheritance
which allowed him to devote
himself to writing without
depending on regular
employment.
11. PAGE
19
PAGE
18
ī§In 1855, Spencer
published his second
book,
The Principles of
Psychology.
ī§ As in Social Statics
Spencer's health
significantly
deteriorated in the last
two decades of his life
ī§ he died in relative
seclusion, following a
long illness, on
December 8, 1903
Spencer took the theory of
evolution one step beyond
biology and applied it to say that
societies were organisms that
progress through changes similar
to that of a living species. It was
Spencer's philosophy that
societies (like organisms) would
begin simple and then progress
to a more complex form.
Spencer also found similarities
between animal organisms and
societies in that both had three
main systems.
12. PAGE
21
PAGE
20
ī§The first system is the
regulative system. In animals,
that would be the central
nervous system. In societies,
it would be a government that
regulates everything. The
second system is the sustaining
system.
ī§For animals, that's the giving
and receiving of nourishment.
For societies, that would be
industry - jobs, money,
economy and those sorts of
things.
ī§The third system would be
the distribution system.
ī§In animals, that would be the
veins and arteries. In societies, it
would be roads, transportation,
internet anything in which
information and goods and
services are exchanged.
13. PAGE
23
PAGE
22
ī§It was Herbert Spencer, not
Darwin, who coined the
phrase 'survival of the
fittest' due to the fact that he
believed human behavior was
designed in a way that strives
for self-preservation. Darwin
later used the term 'survival of
the fittest' in his edition
of Origins of the Species.
ī§The theory of social
Darwinism created the
thinking of the 'survival of the
fittest' as that the strongest and
the fittest should survive and
flourish in society, and the weak
should be allowed to die out.
ī§ This allowed Spencer to
believe that the rich and
powerful became so because
they were better-suited to the
social and economic climate of
the time.
ī§ He believed it was natural or
normal that the strong survived
at the cost of the weak.
14. PAGE
25
PAGE
24
âĸSocial Darwinists held that
the life of humans in society
was a struggle for existence
ruled by âsurvival of the
fittest,â a phrase proposed by the
British philosopher and
scientist Herbert Spencer.
âĸThe humans in society, like
other animals in their natural
environment, struggle for
survival, and only the most fit
survive
âĸAccording to Spencer, if the
principles of evolution
are allowed to operate
freely, all living
organisms will
approximate perfection,
including humans.
âĸThe best policy for a
government to follow, then,
is a laissez-faire policy that
provides for free competition
among its citizens.
15. PAGE
27
PAGE
26
īThe concept of adaptation
allowed him to claim that
the rich and powerful
were better adapted to
the social and economic
climate of the time, and
the concept of natural
selection allowed him to
argue that it was natural,
normal, and proper for the
strong to thrive at the
expense of the weak.
īAfter all, he claimed, that
is exactly what goes on in
nature every day.
īHowever, Spencer did not
just present his theories as
placing humans on a
parallel with nature.
īNot only was survival of the
fittest natural, but it was also
morally correct.
īIndeed, some extreme
Social Darwinists argued that
it was morally incorrect to
assist those weaker than
oneself, since that would
be promoting the survival
and possible
reproduction of someone
who was fundamentally
unfit.
16. PAGE
29
PAGE
28
ī Social Darwinism applied
to a social context,
īIt provided a justification
for the more exploitative
forms of capitalism in which
workers were paid
sometimes pennies a day
for long hours of
backbreaking labor.
īSocial Darwinism also
justified big business'
refusal to acknowledge
labor unions and similar
organizations, and implied
that the rich need not
donate money to the
poor or less fortunate,
since such people were less
fit anyway
īIn its most extreme forms,
Social Darwinism has been
used to justify eugenics
programs aimed at weeding
"undesirable" genes from
the population; such programs
were sometimes accompanied
by sterilization laws directed
against "unfit" individuals.
īThe American eugenics
movement was relatively
popular between about ,
during which 24 states passed
sterilization laws and Congress
passed a law restricting
immigration from certain areas
deemed to be unfit
17. PAGE
31
PAGE
30
īThe theory was used to
support laissez-
faire capitalism and
political conservatism.
ī Class stratification was
justified on the basis of
ânaturalâ inequalities among
individuals, for the control
of property was said to be a
correlate of superior
and inherent moral attributes
such as industriousness,
temperance, and frugality
īAt the societal level,
social Darwinism was used as a
philosophical
rationalization
for imperialist, colonialist,
and racist policies, sustaining
belief in Anglo-
Saxon or Aryan cultural and
biological superiority.
18. PAGE
33
PAGE
32
īCharles Darwin was born in
England on February 12,
1809. His family was
educated and well to do (his
grandfather was the maker of
Wedgwood china).
ī Darwin studied medicine at
Edinburgh University but later
switched to divinity at Cambridge.
ī In 1831, he joined a 5 year
scientific expedition on the survey
ship HMS Beagle as their
geologist.
19. PAGE
35
PAGE
34
ī As a naturalist, it was his job to
observe and collect specimens of
plants, animals, rocks,
and fossils wherever the
expedition went ashore
īDarwin was fascinated by
nature, so he loved his job
on the Beagle. He spent
more than 3 years of the 5-
year trip exploring nature on
distant continents and
islands.
īBy the time Darwin
finally returned to
England, he had become
famous as a naturalist
īWhile he was away, a
former teacher published
Darwinâs accounts of his
observations.
20. PAGE
37
PAGE
36
During the long voyage, Darwin
made many observations that
helped him form his theory of
evolution. For example:
īHe visited tropical rainforests
and other new habitats where he
saw many plants and animals .
This impressed him with the great
diversity of life.
īHe experienced an earthquake
that lifted the ocean floor 2.7
meters (9 feet) above sea level.
īHe also
found rocks containing fossil
sea shells in mountains high
above sea level.
īThese observations suggested
that continents and oceans had
changed dramatically over time
and continue to change in
dramatic ways. He dug
up fossils of gigantic extinct
mammals, such as the ground
sloth
īHe visited rock ledges that
had clearly once been
beaches that had gradually
built up over time. This
suggested that slow, steady
processes also change
Earthâs surface
21. PAGE
39
PAGE
38
īDarwinâs most important
observations were made on
the GalÃĄpagos Islands . This is
a group of 16 small volcanic
islands 966 kilometers (600
miles) off the west coast of
Ecuador, South America.
īIndividual GalÃĄpagos islands
differ from one another in
important ways. Some are rocky
and dry.
ī For example, the giant
tortoises on one island had
saddle-shaped shells, while those
on another island had dome-
shaped shells
ī Others have better soil
and more rainfall. Darwin
noticed that the plants
and animals on the
different islands also
differed
īPeople who lived on the islands
could even tell the island a turtle
came from by its shell. This
started Darwin thinking about
the origin of species. He
wondered how each island came
to have its own type of tortoise.
22. PAGE
41
PAGE
40
īŧOne of the most
productive marine food webs
on the planet is located on the
Farallon Islands, just 28
miles off the San Francisco,
California coast. These
islands also host the largest
seabird breeding colony in the
continental United States, with
over 300,000 breeding
seabirds. The islands
are known as the
Galapagos of
California.
23. PAGE
43
PAGE
42
īDarwin observed many
organisms including finches,
tortoises and mocking birds,
during his five week visit to
the GalapÃĄgos Islands, near
Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean.
He continued to work and
develop his ideas once he
returned from his voyages.
īDarwin's theory of evolution
challenged the idea that God
made all the animals and
plants that live on Earth, which
contradicted the commonly held
Christian views of his era. He
did not publish his scientific work
and ideas until 28 years after his
voyage.
24. PAGE
45
PAGE
44
īDarwin proposed the
theory of evolution by
natural selection.
Darwin proposed that:
īindividual organisms within
a particular species show a
wide range of variation for a
characteristic
īindividuals with
characteristics most suited to
the environment are more
likely to survive to breed
successfully
īthe characteristics that
have enabled these
individuals to survive are then
passed on to the next
generation
īThis theory is called
natural selection.
25. PAGE
47
PAGE
46
īAnother scholar of the time,
Thomas Malthus , studied
populations and had a great
impact on Darwinâs understanding
of finches, other organisms, and
his theory of evolution.
īMalthus believed that given
unlimited resources, a population
would grow exponentially.
īUnder normal conditions, a
natural population would be
limited by food, water, habitat,
etc. resulting in a balancing of
population numbers.
ī Influenced by the ideas of
Malthus, Darwin proposed a
theory of evolution occurring by
the process of natural
selection.
26. PAGE
49
PAGE
48
īThe animals (or plants) best
suited to their environment are
more likely to survive and
reproduce, passing on the
characteristics which helped
them survive to their offspring.
Gradually, the species changes
over time
īDarwin worked on his
theory for 20 years. After
learning that another
naturalist, Alfred Russel
Wallace , had developed
similar ideas, the two made
a joint announcement of
their discovery in 1858
Alfred Russel Wallace was a great
admirer of Darwin and a fellow
naturalist, who independently
proposed the theory of evolution by
natural selection. Wallace produced
scientific journals with Darwin in
1858, which prompted Darwin to
publish On the Origin of Species
the following year.
27. PAGE
51
PAGE
50
In 1859 Darwin published 'On
the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection'.
The book was extremely
controversial, because the logical
extension of Darwin's theory was
that Homo sapiens was simply
another form of animal.
The three core principles of
evolution â
variation, heredity, and
differential fitness â
crystalized in the 1970s, still
serve as a conceptual
benchmark for the theory of
evolution by natural selection
28. PAGE
53
PAGE
52
Evidence of
evolution
The fossil record
âĸPhysical remains of
organisms.
Geographical
distribution of living
species
âĸCommon ancestor
species
Homologous
body structures
âĸImplies similar
genes
Similarities in early
development
âĸImplies similar
genes
29. PAGE
55
PAGE
54
īFrancis Galton was an explorer
and anthropologist known for
his studies in eugenics and human
intelligence.
ī.He was born on February
16, 1822, and grew up in a
wealthy family near
Birmingham, England. At
an early age, he began to show
great intellectual promise.
īSir Francis Galton Coined the term
in 1883, from Greek well born
īCousin of Charles Darwin
Concluded that traits like
intelligence were inherited
īEntered Cambridge to obtain a
medical degree, but
graduated with a liberal arts
degree instead.
īTraveled extensively in Africa
and the Middle East. Produced
first accurate maps of central
Africa.
īBegan corresponding with his
cousin Darwin in 1853
30. PAGE
57
PAGE
56
īAwarded a Fellowship at
the Royal Geographical
Society.
īDrew some of the first
weather maps and
discovered the
importance of low an
high pressure
gradients in weather
prediction.
īInvented several
instruments to measure
various
meteorological factors.
īPioneered the use of
finger prints to identify
individuals
īIt was widely held in Victorian-
era England that the aristocracy
was the product of good
breeding.
īWhen The Origin of Species
came out in 1859
Galton used evolutionary theory
to develop his own ideas
concerning individual
differences.
īStudy of Intelligence,
Hereditary Genius, 1869
Thesis natural ability,
eminence, and
inheritance
Evidence
ī normal distribution
and family pedigrees
īImplication eugenics
31. PAGE
59
PAGE
58
īDuring Galton's time
DNA, genes and
chromosomes were
unknown.
īDarwin had proposed
that the mechanism of
inheritance was
pangenesis, in which
gemmules in bodily fluids
mixed during mating.
īGalton tested this in a
series of experiments
involving blood
transfusions in rabbits.
32. PAGE
61
PAGE
60
īThe Survey In the 1870s
Galton wrote a questionnaire
and distributed it to 180
fellows of the Royal Society.
īThe survey asked respondents
to describe their
personalities, physical
attributes, family
characteristics and the details
of their up-bringing.
īEnglish Men of Science Their
Nature and Nurture
(1874/52)
īGalton developed a
mathematical equation for
measuring the strength and
direction of the
linear relationship between
two variables.
īHis student Karl Pearson
developed the equation
that we use today.
īThe Pearson Product
Moment Correlation
Coefficient is used in
Behavioral Genetics.
īThe correlation
coefficient is generally
denoted as r
33. PAGE
63
PAGE
62
īThe Twin Study
īGalton was the first to use
twins to investigate
hereditary questions.
īGalton sent questionnaires
to 94 pairs of twins.
īEugenics
īThe concept that society
should take active steps
towards improving its
genetic material.
34. PAGE
65
PAGE
64
īGalton believed that society
should promote the
reproduction of talented and
intelligent
individuals Positive Eugenics.
īHe also believed that society
should restrict the
reproduction of below average
individuals
Negative Eugenics.
īTo that end Galton
founded a
Anthropometric
Laboratory in 1880 and The
Eugenics Society in 1908.
īThe Eugenics movement
found a sympathetic ear in the
United States
35. PAGE
67
PAGE66
īKeenness of Sight and of
Hearing Color Sense
Visual Acuity Breathing
Power Reaction Times
Strength of Pull and of
Squeeze Force of Blow Span
of Arms Height, both
standing and sitting Weight
īDuring the early 19
century it was held that the
environment contributed to
degeneracy.
īOnanism
īAfter the publication of Galtonâs
work the view turned towards
heredity as the casual factor.
īRediscovery of Mendelâs work
īCharles Davenport- Initially
interested in agricultural genetics.
īDeveloped the lab at Cold
Springs Harbor
īSeveral decent studies on eye
color
36. PAGE
69
PAGE
68
īThe Big Fear Highly desirable
families have few children. Less
desirable families have more.
īProblem If behavioral traits are
inherited how does the eugenicist
identify the good ones from
the bad?
īProblems with measurement
īSubjectivity
īAlcoholism
īSexual immorality
īWanderlust
īFeeblemindedness
īDegeneracy
37. PAGE
71
PAGE
70
ī(1860-1944)
Cattell was one of the first
students to get a Ph.D. with
Wundt, then he was
appointed to Cambridge.
īHe was strongly influenced
by Galton, and like Galton
measured everything he could
about himself.
īIn 1888, Cattell founded a
lab at the University of
Pennsylvania using Galtonian
measures with students but
moved to Columbia College in
1891.He discussed 10 mental
tests in âMental Tests and
Measurements,â published
in Mind â The Freshman
Test
38. PAGE
73
PAGE
72
The 10 tests included:
īDynamometer pressure,
Rate of Movement,
Sensation- Areas, Pressure
causing Pain, Least
Noticeable Difference in
Weight, Reaction-Time for
Sound, Time for Naming
Colours, Bi-Section of a 50-
cm. Line, Judgment of 10
Seconds Time, Number of
Letters Remembered on One
hearing.
īExperimental research on
judgments of relative rank, such
as shades of gray rank ordered on
brightness.
īLeading psychologists ranked
those in their profession.
īWissler found no correlation
between the tests. These tests
were abandoned in favor of
better mental measurements
39. PAGE
75
PAGE
74
Individual intelligence individual
means single ,separate
Individual person separate
from other people and
possessing his or her own
needs or goals ,rights and
responsibilities
Intelligence intelligence as the
power of perceiving
,learning ,understanding
and knowing
The ability to use memory
knowledge experience
,understanding reasoning ,
imagination and judgment
in order to solve problem
40. PAGE
77
PAGE
76
īAs psychologists
investigated different areas of
human behavior, they began
to look for ways in which the
science could be used to help
people. The first modern
intelligence test was
devised by
in 1905 at the
request of the French
education authorities.
ī In 1881, the French
Government introduced
compulsory schooling for all
children.
īThis meant that slow learners,
who had originally been kept at
home, now had to attend school.
Binet devised a test which
measured ability and considered
that age of the child being tested
īHe devised the concept of
mental age which is the
individual's mental development
in relation to others
43. PAGE
83
PAGE
82
ī§Charles Spearman
postulated two types of
intelligence that account for
test scores:
ī§ general intelligence or g
ī§special intelligences, or
s,
ī§which are the specific skills
and knowledge needed to
answer the questions on a
particular test.
ī§ G Factor Developed the g factor,
which stood for general intelligence,
He believed that this single g factor
was responsible for each type of
mental ability
44. PAGE
85
PAGE
84
ī§Spearman did not believe in
separate intelligences like
musical or analytical, but just
one overall general
intelligence.
ī§If you received a score of 120
on an IQ test then this would
be your indicative of your g
factor. Since your g factor is
high, then no matter what
profession or career you chose
you would be successful.
ī§Most people know a person
who may be intelligent in
math, but struggle with verbal
abilities. In other words, even
people that are intelligent in
one area may struggle in
another area, which proved
Spearmanâs theory wrong
45. PAGE
87
PAGE
86
ī§âSpearmanâs successorâ
ī§His lifeâs work was fixated
on the notion that
intelligence is heritable.
ī§Gould says: Burtâs
conclusions were
distorted, namely his
proof that intelligence is
innate
ī§The 1909 study is logically
flawed, as well as statistically
flawed
ī§Charles Spearmanâs two-factor
theory, the g and s, was created to
study and generalize human-
societal relationships. Cyril Burt
wished to use this theory of his
predecessor's to rank and sort pupils
because they âhad to be guided
toward professions by identifying
strengths and weaknesses in more
specific areasâ Thus, Burt created the
four-factor theory.
ī§gâthe first component of
correlation found in mental
testingGroup Factorsâsubordinate to
g, but above ssâattributes of a single
trait measured on all occasions
Accidental Factorsâattributes of a
single trait measured on one
occasionGroup factors âcover
different abilities according to
their form of contentâ .
46. PAGE
89
PAGE
88
ī§Born August 14, 1866
ī§PhD in psychology from
Clark University Director of
Research at the Training
School for Feeble-minded
Girls and Boys
ī§ Translated the Binet-
Simon intelligence scale
into English
ī§Established the first
laboratory for the
psychological study of
mentally retarded persons
Helped
ī§draft the first American law
mandating special education
ī§Was a proponent of the
hereditarian position
47. PAGE
91
PAGE
90
Goddardâs view on
intelligence was derived from
Mendelian genetics
âĸ Believed that
feeblemindedness was
caused by the
transmission of a single
recessive gene
âĸ Believed that those who
were feebleminded were
inferior
âĸGoddard argued that society
should keep feebleminded
people from having children,
either through institutional
isolation or sexual
sterilization. As a result of its
seductive mix of science and
ideology, Goddard's book became
a favorite among eugenicists. As
such, Goddard's views were part
of a dark chapter in American
history.
âĸGoddard was a far more
complex and nuanced
individual than this brief
account implies. His papers,
housed at the Archives of the
History of American
Psychology at the
University of Akron
âĸGoddard concluded that a
variety of mental traits were
hereditary and that society
should limit reproduction by
people possessing these
traits
48. PAGE
93
PAGE
92
âĸLewis Madison Terman
was an eminent American
psychologist who is most
noted for his seminal studies
of children of high
intelligence
âĸTerman defined intelligence as
"the ability to carry out
abstract thinking" and used the
label IQ or Intelligence
Quotient.
âĸInvented the Stanford-Binet
IQ Test
âĸHe revised Binet's test to work
for large numbers of people in an
attempt to measure what he
thought was inherited
intelligence.
âĸWorked with Maslow at U
Wisconsin
49. PAGE
95
PAGE
94
ī (1886â1939)
īwrote 25 books on
psychological topics and
served as president of the
American Psychological
Association in 1927
ī Challenged misconceptions
about women
ī concentrated her attention
on the education of gifted 1926
she published Gifted
Children, which became
īthe standard text in schools of
education for many Years
īChildren Above 180 I.Q. was
published in 1942
50. PAGE
97
PAGE
96
ī§(1876â1956)
ī§dreamed of
becoming a
medical
doctor
ī§elected president of the
APA in 1917
ī§Established comparative
psychology with J.B Watson
ī§In 1912 took job of director
of psychological research
and used Binet-Simon
scale for clinical
diagnosis
ī§World War I in 1917, Yerkes
was president of the APA
ī§Yerkes and other psychologists
developed an Army Alpha test
for literate recruits and an Army
Beta test for illiterate or non-
English-speaking recruits
ī§The war ended in 1918, and the
testing program was terminated
in 1919, by which time more
than 1.75 million individuals
had been tested
51. PAGE
99
PAGE
98
Results of Army testing
programs and concerns for
nations intelligence
ī§Yerkes (1923)believed that
many of the nationâs ills were
being caused by people of low
intelligence and that
immigration policies
ī§Terman and Yerkes argued
Test performance is
determined more by
education and personal
experience than by
inheritance
ī§Herrnstein and Murray
organize their book around six
conclusions, or points, about
intelligence that are âbeyond
dispute.â
ī§When 24 prominent researchers
in the field of intelligence were
asked to define intelligence, they
provided 24 different definitions
ī§Central to the problem is the
issue we introduced with
Spearman and Binet: Is
intelligence one
generalized factor or a
collection of many
different attributes?
52. PAGE
101
PAGE
100
U.S. psychologists
ī§revisited the idea that intelligence
was best understood as one factor
(Spearmanâs g)
ī§Thurstone, 1938 suggests
seven intelligence factors
ī§Robert Sternbergâs
(1986) three factor model
has been widely embraced in
recent years, essentially
accepting
the traditional factor, but
including considerations
ī§for experience and context.
Still, there is no universally
agreed upon answer to the
question
53. PAGE
103
PAGE
102
ī§Quinn McNemar
(1900â1986;
ī§ APA president in
1964),
ī§Anastasia (1908â2001
ī§ APA president in
1972)
ī§Paul Meehl (1920â
2003; APA president
in1962)
ī§made important
contributions to
psychometrics.
ī§(1896â1981)
ī§Wechsler was
born an East
European Jew
ī§During WW I,
Wechsler served as
a volunteer
scorer of the IQ
tests being
administered to
U.S. soldier
ī§Wechsler resolved some of
the psychometric issues that
had been identified in the
original StanfordâBinet
and the Army Alpha and
Beta
54. PAGE
105
PAGE
104
ī§developed a new intelligence
test to better understand his
adult clients just before WW II
ī§Wechsler Revised his test
during and after WWII,
eventually producing both the
WAIS (Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale) and
WISC (Wechsler
Intelligence Scale for
Children)
ī§WAIS and WISC along
with the StanfordâBinet
remain the most widely
used.