3. • Lev SemenovichVygotsky.
• Russian psychologist.
• Died at 38 due to tuberculosis.
• Began studying and learning
development to improve his own
teaching.
• Produced over 100 books and articles.
• His work was banned in Russia for
many years.
4. Children can
perform more
challenging
tasks with help
from advanced
individuals.
Play allows
children to
stretch
themselves.
Challenging
tasks promote
maximum
cognitive
growth.
Adults convey
children the way to
response to the
world.
Complex mental
processes begin as
social activities.
Thoughts and
language
become
increasingly
independent in
first few years of
life.
5. 1. Human activities take place in cultural settings
and they cannot be understood apart from these
settings.
2. Our specific mental structures and processes
can be traced by our interactions with others.
6. ▪ The most important mental tool.
▪ A mechanism for thinking.
▪ A medium facilitating the acquisition of other mental tools.
▪ 2 types of language uses :
Private Speech Social Communication
• also known as self talk.
• speech directed to oneself rather than regulated
/directed by a more capable person.
• to organize (plan, direct or evaluate) behaviors.
• develop more sophisticated and effective mental
processes (Higher Mental Functions).
• learn through behaviour (model) and instructions.
• Understand the actions or instructions provided, then
internalises the information to be used as guidance or
regulate performances.
8. → Enhancing the usage of Zone of Proximal Development.
→ Using scaffolding to the needs of students.
→ Consider the cultural context of learning.
→ Monitor and encourage children’s use of private speech.
9. Some basic understandings.
Ready for use to guide the cognitive development.
Appear to figure out much about the world before they
have chance to
learn from either their culture or teachers
Emphasis on social-cultural context.
Sensitivity to diversity of development.
10. Vygotsky did not detail the cognitive processes
underlying the developmental changes.
He died before he could expand and elaborate on
his ideas and pursue his research.
He did not have time to detail the applications of
his theories for teaching.
