Internet of Things - Module 1(Introduction)

1. Introduction to IoT
Module 1

2. Syllabus

3. Introduction - Internet
● Global System
● Interconnected computer network that uses Internet Protocol
suite
● It is a network of network consisting of Private, Public, Business
and Government networks of local to global scope
● Linked by a broad array of Electronics, Wireless and Optical
Networking technologies.
● Usefulness of Internet

4. Introduction - Things
● Sensors, Computer, Mobile Phone
● A thing in the IoT can be-
○ A person with a heart monitoring implant
○ Farm animal with a biochip
○ Automobiles that has built-in Sensors
● Any other object which can be assigned with Internet Protocol
and is able to transfer data over networks

5. What is IoT ?
● World has changed- anything we think of can be Online and
Communicating to other things
● New services that would Enhance our lives
○ Eg: Self driven drones delivering grocery
○ Sensors that monitor our health
● Basic Goal -
Connect the Unconnected

6. What is IoT ?
● IoT is a Technology transition
○ Allows to sense and controls the physical world
○ Making objects smarter and connecting them through an intelligent
network
● Definition:
Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software and
sensors to the Internet enabling them to collect and exchange data

7. What is IoT ?
● Example:
○ GPS tracking
○ Adaptive brightness
○ Voice detection
○ Face recognition
These features can be interactive with itself
One application can use all of these
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjYTzvAVozo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fj02iTrWUx0

8. What is IoT ?
Expanding
Interdependence of
Humans
Interact
Contribute
Collaborate
Things around us
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlhmzVL5bm8
Sensors + Smartness +Communication +Action
IoT

9. Genesis of IoT
● IoT started between 2008 and 2009
● No. of Devices connected to Internet eclipsed the world
population
○ With more things connected to the Internet than people in
the world.
○ A new age was upon and with this Internet of Things was
born
● IoT created by Kevin Ashton

10. Genesis of IoT
● Kevin explained that IoT now involves addition senses to
computer
● He quoted that -“20th Century computers were brain without
senses
○ They only knew what we told them
● IoT is changing this paradigm -21st Century computers are
sensing things for themselves

11. Evolution of Internet

12. Evolution of Internet

13. Evolution of Internet
● Phase 1: Connectivity
○ Began in mid-1990s
○ World was not always connected as it is today
○ Email and getting Internet was a luxuries for Universities and
Corporations
○ Getting the average person online involved dial-up modems

14. Evolution of Internet
● Phase 2: Network Economy
○ E-commerce and digitally connected supply chains became the
rage
○ Vendors and suppliers became closely interlinked with producers
○ Online shopping experienced incredible growth
○ Economy itself became more digitally intertwined.

15. Evolution of Internet
● Phase 3: Immersive Experiences
○ Characterized by the emergence of social media, collaboration
and widespread mobility on devices
○ Connectivity is now pervasive (wide spread)
○ This pervasive connectivity enabled communication and
collaboration
○ Social media across multiple channels via email, texting,voice
and video
○ Person to person interactions have become digitized

16. Evolution of Internet
● Phase 4: IoT
○ We are just at the beginning of this phase
○ Fact is that 99% of the things are still unconnected
○ Machines and objects in this phase connect with other machines
and objects,along with humans
○ Huge increase in data and knowledge
○ Increased automation

17. Evolution of Internet

18. IoT and Digitization
● IoT and digitization are the terms that are often used
interchangeably- in most context this duality is fine
● Key differences should be known
○ IoT focuses on connecting things- objects and machines to a
computer network
○ Digitization encompasses on connection of things with the data
they generate and business insights that result.

19. IoT and Digitization
● Example
○ Shopping mall where Wi-Fi location tracking has been deployed
○ “Things” are the wiFi device.
○ WiFi tracking helps in knowing the location of the customer in the
retail environment
○ Shop owners and mall can track the real time location and it helps
the business by providing how much time they spend in different
part of mall or store
○ Analysis of this data can lead to significantly changes for
advertising and displaying products

20. Digitization
● Conversion of information into digital format
● Example :
○ Photography Industry
○ Transportation Industry
● In IoT context- digitization brings together things, data and
business make networked connections more relevant and
valuable
○ Nest: Home automation - smoke alarm

21. IoT Impact
● Potential impact of IoT are impressive
● 14 billion 0.06% of things are connected to Internet
● Cisco Systems predicts by 2020 this number could reach 50 billion
○ says this new connection will lead to $19 trillion in profit and
cost savings
● UK government reports- number would reach to a range of 100
billion objects

22. IoT Impact
● These numbers means that IoT will fundamentally shift the way
people and businesses interact with surroundings
● Managing and monitoring smart objects using real –time connectivity
enables a new level of data-driven decision making
● Results in optimization of systems and processes
○ Delivers new services that save time for both people and business
while improving the overall quality of life

23. Example IoT Impact

24. IoT Impact
● Connected roadways- Google Self driven cars
○ IoT is also necessary component for implementing a fully connected
transportation infrastructure
○ Communication is through bidirectional data exchange
○ Also provides important data to the rider
○ These vehicles need always-on reliable communications and data
from other transportation related sensors
○ Connected roadways is associated with the driver & driverless cars
fully integrating with the surrounding transportation infrastructure

25. IoT Impact
● Self driven car design
○ Basic sensors- that monitors oil
pressure, tire pressure, temperature
and other operating conditions
○ Driver can access the data also control
the equipments like steering
wheels,pedals
○ Driver must understand, handle and
make critical decisions while
concentrating on driving safety

26. IoT Impact
● Challenges being addressed by Connected Roadways
○ Safety
○ Mobility
○ Environment
● Benefits being addressed by Connected Roadways
○ Traffic jams
○ Urban Congestion
○ Decreased casualties & facilities
○ Increased response time for emergency vehicles
○ Reduced vehicle emission

27. IoT Impact
● Intersection Movement Assist (IMA)
○ App warns the Driver when it is
not Safe to enter an Intersection
due to high Possibility of collision

28. IoT Impact
● With automated vehicle tracking, a vehicle‘s location is used for
notification of arrival times, theft prevention or highway assistance.
○ Cargo Management
○ Fully Connected cars

29. IoT Impact
● The Connected Roadways – creates
another area where third party uses the
data generated by car.
○ Example- tyre company can collect data related to use and
durability of their product in arrange of environments in real time.
○ GPS/Map – to enable dynamic
rerouting to avoid traffic, accidents
and other hazards.
● Internet based Entertainment can be personalized and
customized to optimize road trip.
● Data will be used for advertisement
● IoT Data Broker –provides Business opportunity
● Recent advancement in roadway fiber-optic sensing technology

30. Summary of Class
Evolution of Internet - Digitize access, Digitized Business, Digitized
Interaction, Digitize the world.
IoT and Digitization - Difference, Photography Industry, Transportation
Industry
IoT Impact - Growth in number of devices connected to IoT,
Connected Roadways, self-driven Cars, Road assistance

31. IoT Impact - The Connected Factory
● Traditional factories have been operating at a disadvantage
impeded by
○ Production Environment that are disconnected
○ Corporate business system, supply chains, customer and
partners
○ Managers of these factories are essentially “flying blind”
and lack of visibility into their operations
○ Operations are composed of plant floors, front office,
suppliers operating on different silos

32. IoT Impact - The Connected Factory
● Main Challenges
○ Accelerating new products and service introduction to meet
customer and market opportunities.
○ Increasing plant productions, quality and uptime while decreasing
cost.
○ Mitigating unplanned downtime
○ Securing factories from cyber threats
○ Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling costs
○ Improving worker productivity and safety.

33. IoT Impact
● Example- a Smelting facility extracts metals from their ores
○ Uses both chemical and heat to depose the ore leaving
behind the base metal
○ This is a multi stage process, data & controls are all
accessed via various control rooms
○ Operators must to a control room that is often 100 meters
away for collecting data and production change
○ Hours of operator time is lost to the multiple trips to control
rooms during a shift

34. IoT Impact
● With IoT and Connected factory – “machine to people “
connections are implemented to bring sensor data directly to
operator on the floor via mobile devices. Time is no longer
wasted in moving.
● Operator also receive data in real time, decision can be made
immediately to improve the production and fix any quality
problems.

35. IoT Impact
● Another example of a connected factory solution involves Real
time location system (RTLS)
● RTLS uses small and easily deployed Wi-Fi RFID tag that
attach to virtually any material and provide any real time
location and status
● These tags enable the a facility to track production as it
happens.
○ This helps in making decisions of speeding up or slowing
the production
○ Also determines how quickly employees are completing at
various stages of production
○ Bottlenecks in production or quality are quickly identified

36. IoT Impact
● Evolution of Industry
○ First industrial revolution occurred in Europe in 18th
Century
■ Application of steam and water to mechanical
production
○ Second industrial revolution occurred between 1870s and
early 20th century
■ Introduction of Electric grids and mass production

37. IoT Impact
● Evolution of Industry
○ Third industrial revolution came in the late 1960s and early
1970s
■ As computers and electronics began to make their mark
on manufacturing and other industrial system
○ Fourth industrial revolution is happening now
■ IoT is driving it

38. IoT Impact
● Industry 4.0 takes manufacturing form purely automated assembly
line model of production to a model where machines are intelligent
and communicate with each other
● Inserting intelligence into factory

39. IoT Impact - Industry 4.0
● A name for the current trend of automation and data exchange
in manufacturing technologies
○ Includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things,
cloud computing and cognitive computing and creating the
smart factory
The goal is to enable autonomous decision-making processes,
monitor assets and processes in real-time, and enable equally real-
time connected value creation networks through early involvement
of stakeholders

40. IoT Impact - Smart Connected Buildings
○ Function of a building is to provide a work environment that
keeps the workers comfortable, efficient and safe
○ Physical Security alarm –fire alarm and suppression
system to keep worker safe.
● Sensors to detect occupancy in the building.
● Lights are off automatically when no one is there.

41. IoT Impact
● Sensors are used to control the heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning (HVAC) system
● Temperature sensors are spread throughout
the building and are used to influence
the Building Management System (BMS)control
of air flow into the room.
● Building Automation System(BAS) provides a
single management system for HVAC, lighting, alarm and
detection system

42. IoT Impact

43. IoT Impact

44. IoT Impact

45. IoT Impact
Smart Creatures
● IoT Enabled Roach to find survivors
● IoT provides the ability to connect
living things to the Internet.
● Sensors can be placed
on animals and insects.
● Connected cow- sensors on
cow’s ear.
● IoT enables roaches to save life in
disaster situations.

46. IoT Impact
Paper:
Line Following Terrestrial Insect Biobots
Tahmid Latif, and Alper Bozkurt, Member, IEEE
Smart Homes-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzSzkAuKPe0

47. IoT Impact

48. IoT Challenges
● Scale
● Security
● Privacy
● Big Data and Data analytics
● Interoperability

49. IoT Network Architecture and Design
Module 1
Chapter 2

50. IoT Network Architecture and Design
● This chapter explores the following areas:
○ Drivers Behind New Network Architectures
○ Comparing IoT Architecture
○ A simplified IoT Architecture
○ The Core IoT Functional Stack
○ IoT Data Management and Compute Stack

51. Drivers Behind New Network Architecture
● The key difference between IT and IoT is the Data.
● IT systems are mostly concerned with reliable
and continuous support of business
application such as email, web, database, CRM systems and
so on.
● IoT is all about the data generated by sensors and how that
data is used.
● The essence of IoT architectures involve how data is
transported, collected, analyzed and acted upon.

52. Difference Between IT and IoT
Challenge Description IoT Architectural Change Required
Scale Massive scale of IoT
endpoints (sensors) are
beyond IT Network
● IPv4 address space has reached
exhaustion and is unable to meet
IoT’s scalability requirements
● IPv6 can meet this, but network
continues to use IPv4 through
features like Network Address
Translation
Security IoT devices those on
wireless sensor network are
physically exposed to the
world
● Security is required at every level in
IoT
● IoT endpoints nodes on the network
must be part of overall security &
must support device level
authentication like encryption

53. Difference Between IT and IoT
Challenge Description IoT Architectural Change Required
Device & Network
Constraints
(power, CPU,
Memory, Link
Speed)
Due to massive scale and
longer distances, networks
are often constrained by
capable of supporting only
minimal data rates (tens of
bps to kbps)
● Last mile wireless technologies are
needed to support constrained IoT
devices over long distance
● Network also constrained with
traditional network layer transport
mechanisms
Massive volume
of data generated
Sensors produce massive
amount of data on daily
basis, causing network
bottleneck and slow
analytics in the cloud
● Data analytics capabilities need to
be distributed throughout IoT
network
● In traditional n/w, analytics and
applications typically run only in the
cloud

54. Difference Between IT and IoT
Challenge Description IoT Architectural Change Required
Support for legacy
devices
IoT n/w often comprises a
collection of modern IP
capable endpoints
Non IP devices that rely on
serial or proprietary
protocols
● Digital transformation is a long
process that may take many years
● IoT n/w need to support protocol to
translation or tunneling mechanism
to support legacy protocol(Ethernet
and IP)
Need for data to
be analysed in
real time
Traditional IT n/w performs
scheduled batch processing
of data, IoT data needs to
be analysed and responded
to in real time
● Analytics software needs to be
positioned closer to the edge &
support real-time streaming
analytics
● Traditional IT analytics s/w are
better suited to batch level analytics
that occur after the fact

55. Difference Between IT and IoT
Scale
● The scale of a typical IT network is on the order of several thousand
devices typically printers, mobile wireless devices, laptops, servers
and so on.
● The traditional 3 layer campus networking model supports access,
distribution and core.
● IoT introduces a model where an average-sized
utility, factory, transportation system or city could easily support
a network of million of routable IP endpoints.
● Based on scale requirements of this order, IPv6 is the natural

56. Security
● It world war 3, it would be for cyberspace. Targeted malicious attacks
using vulnerabilities in networked machines such as out break of of
the stuxnet worm, which specifically affected Siemens Programming
Logic Controller (PLC) systems.
● Protecting Corporate Data from intrusion and
theft is the main functionof IT department.
● IT departments protect servers,applications and cyber
crown corporation.
● In IT, first line of defense is perimeter firewall.

57. Security
● Placing IP endpoints outside the firewall is critical and visible to
anyone.
● IoT endpoints are located in WSN that use unlicensed
spectrum and are visible to world through spectrum analyzer
and physically accessible and widely distributed in the field.
● Ukrainian Power Grid experienced an unprecedented cyber
attack that targeted SCADA(Supervisory control and data
acquisition ) system, affected 225,000 customers

58. Security -For optimum security , IoT systems must:
○ Be able to identify and authenticate all entities involved in the IoT service
■ i.e Gateways, endpoint devices, home networks, roaming networks,
service platforms
○ Ensure that all user data shared between the endpoint device and back-
end applications is encrypted
○ Comply with local data protection legislation so that all data is protected
and stored correctly.
○ Utilize an IoT connectivity management platform and
establish rules-based security policies so immediate
action can be taken if anomalous behavior is detected from connected
devices.

59. Constrained Devices and Network-
● Most IoT devices are designed for a single job, they are small
and inexpensive.
● This results in that they have limited power , CPU and
memory.
● They transmit only when there is something important.
● Large amount of this small devices, large and uncontrolled
environments where they are deployed, the network that
provide tends to be very lossy and support very low data
rates whereas in IT networks provides multi-giga bit
connections speed and endpoints with powerful CPUs.

60. Constrained Devices and Network-
● For faster network, VLAN may be considered but If too many
devices are in VLAN, it affects performance.
● So, IoT needs new bread of connectivity
technologies that meet both the scale and
constraint limitations.

61. Data
● IoT devices generate a mountain of data.
● In IoT, data is like Gold, they enable business to deliver new IoT
services that enhance the customer experience, reduce cost and
deliver new revenue opportunities.
● IoT generated data is unstructured but insights it provides through
analytics will
provide new business models.
● Example: A smart city with few 100 thousands smart street lights , all
connected through an IoT network. Lights ON/OFF, replacement,
operational expense.

62. OneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
● The rapidly growing field of Machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications - European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) created the M2M Technical Committee in 2008
○ Goal was to create a common architecture that help
accelerate the adoption of M2M applications and devices
○ Over time, scope has extended to include IoT

63. OneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
● Goal of oneM2M is to create a common service layer which can
rapidly embedded in field devices to allow communication with
application servers
● oneM2M framework focused on IoT services, applications and
platform
○ It includes smart metering application, smart grid, smart city
automation, e-health and connected vehicles

64. OneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture

65. OneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
● oneM2M architecture divides IoT into 3 major domain
○ Applications Layer
■ Major attention is given to connectivity between devices
and their application
■ Domain includes application layer protocols and attempts
to standardize API definitions for interaction with
business intelligence(BI) systems
■ Applications tend to be industry specific and have their
own set of data models
■ They are shown as vertical entities

66. OneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
● oneM2M architecture divides IoT into 3 major domain
○ Service Layer
■ Shown as horizontal framework across the vertical
industry applications
■ Horizontal modules include physical n/w that the IoT
application run on the underlying management protocols
and the hardware
■ On the top- common services layer, this conceptual layer
adds APIs & multiware supporting third-party services &
applications

67. OneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
● oneM2M architecture divides IoT into 3 major domain
○ Network Layer
■ This is the communication domain for the IoT devices
and endpoints
■ It includes the devices and the communications network
that links them.
■ Embodiment of this communication infrastructure
includes wireless mesh technologies such as IEEE
802.15.4, wireless point to multipoint systems such as
IEEE 801.11ah
■ Also includes wired device connections, like IEEE 1901
power line communication

68. IoT world Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture
● In 2014 the IoTWF architectural committee (led by Cisco, IBM,
Rockwell Automation, and others) published a seven-layer IoT
architectural reference model.
● IoT World Forum Model offers a clean, simplified perspective on
IoT and includes edge computing, data storage, and access. It
provides a succinct way of visualizing IoT from a technical
perspective.
● Each of the seven layers is broken down into
specific functions, and security encompasses the entire

69. IoT world Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture

70. IoT world Forum (IoTWF)- IoT Reference Model
● Using Reference Model- we are able to achieve:
○ IoT problem into smaller parts
○ Identify different technologies at each layer and how they
relate to one another
○ Define a system in which different parts can be provided by
different vendors
○ Have a process of defining interfaces that leads to
interoperability
○ Define a tiered security model that is enforced at the transition
points between levels

71. Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer
● This layer is home to the “things” in the IoT, including various
endpoint devices & sensors
● Size of these “things” can range from almost tiny sensors to huge
machines in factory
● Their primary function is generating data and being capable of
being controlled over network

72. Layer 2: Connectivity Layer

73. Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer

74. Upper Layers: Layers 4–7

75. IT and OT Responsibilities in the IoT Reference Model
An interesting aspect of
visualizing an IoT
architecture this way is
that we can start to
organize
responsibilities along IT
and OT lines.

76. IT and OT Responsibilities in the IoT Reference Model
● As demonstrated in Figure, IoT systems have to cross several
boundaries beyond just the functional layers.
● The bottom of the stack is generally in the domain of OT.
● For an industry like oil and gas, this includes sensors and devices
connected to pipelines, oil rigs, refinery machinery, and so on.
● The top of the stack is in the IT area and includes things like the
servers, databases, and applications, all of which run on a part of

77. IT and OT Responsibilities in the IoT Reference Model
● In the past, OT and IT have generally been very independent and
had little need to even talk to each other. IoT is changing that
paradigm.
● At the bottom, in the OT layers, the devices generate real-time
data at their own rate— sometimes vast amounts on a daily basis.
● Not only does this result in a huge amount of data transiting the
IoT network, but the sheer volume of data suggests that
applications at the top layer will be able to ingest that much data
at the rate required

78. IT and OT Responsibilities in the IoT Reference Model
● To meet this requirement, data has to be buffered or stored at certain
points within the IoT stack.
● Layering data management in this way throughout the stack helps the
top four layers handle data at their own speed.
● As a result, the real-time “data in motion” close to the edge has to be
organized and stored so that it becomes “data at rest” for the
applications in the IT tiers.
● The IT and OT organizations need to work together for overall data
management.

79. Class Summary
● Drivers Behind New Network Architecture
● IT and OT
● oneM2M architecture
● IoTWF Standard architecture

80. A Simplified IoT Architecture
● Framework is presented as 2 parallel stacks:
○ IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
○ Core IoT Functional Stack
● Intention is to simplify the IoT architecture into its most basic
building blocks
○ To use it as a foundation to design and deploy industry
specific use cases
● All the layers of complex model is covered but they are grouped
in functional blocks that are easy to understand

81. A Simplified IoT Architecture

82. A Simplified IoT Architecture
● This separation gives more visibility to functions of each layers
○ Presentation of Core IoT functional stack in 3 layers is meant
to simplified understanding of the IoT architecture into its
foundational blocks
● The core IoT functional Stack is expanded into sublayers
containing details and specific network functions
○ Eg: communication layer is broken down into 4 sublayers
■ Access N/W, gateways & backhaul, IP transport and
operations & management sublayer
● Application layer has both analytics and industry specific IoT
control components

83. A Simplified IoT Architecture
Expanded View of the Simplified IoT Architecture

84. The Core IoT Functional Stack
● From Architectural standpoint, several components work
together for an IoT network:
○ “Things” layer
○ Communications network layer
■ Access network sublayer
■ Gateways and backhaul sublayer
■ Network transport sublayer
■ IoT network management sublayer
○ Application and analytics layer

85. The Core IoT Functional Stack
● Every published IoT model include core layers, including
“things,” a communications network, and applications
● Framework presented here separates core IoT & data
management in parallel & aligned stack
● Allows you to carefully examine functions of both, network &
applications, at each stage of complex IoT system

86. The Core IoT Functional Stack
● This separation gives you better visibility into the functions of
each layer
● Presentation in 3 layers is meant to simplify your understanding
of IoT architecture into its most foundational building blocks
● Such simple architecture needs to expanded

87. IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
● The data generated by IoT sensors in one of the biggest
challenge in building IoT
● IT networks - data source is generated by client server
communication, it usually serves the need of application
● In sensors network- data generated is unstructured and of very
little use
● Example: smart metere and grids

88. IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
● Processing location of data is usually outside the smart object
○ Cloud
● Smart objects need tro connect to cloud, data procesing is
centralized
● Advantage
○ Simplicity
○ Application have visibility over all the IoT nodes
● Disadvantages
○ Minimizing Latency
○ Conserving network bandwidth
○ Increasing local efficiency

89. IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
● Design consideration- IoT network should manage large volumn of data
in efficient way (quick access for business)
● Bandwidth management (volume of traffic)

90. IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
● Data-related problems need to be addressed:
○ Bandwidth in last-mile IoT networks is very limited
○ Latency can be very high - 100 to 1000 millisecond
○ Network Backhaul from the gateway can be unreliable
○ Volume of data transmitted can be high – Big data is getting
bigger

91. Fog Computing
● Solution to the various challenges is to distribute data
management throughout the IoT system, as close to the edge
of the IP network as possible
● Best-known example of edge services in IoT is fog computing
● Any device with computing, storage, and network connectivity
can be a fog node

92. Fog Computing
● Concept of fog was first developed by Flavio Bonomi and
Rodolfo Milito of Cisco Systems
● In world of IoT, fog gets name from a relative comparison to
computing in cloud layer
● Like clouds exist in sky, fog rests near ground
● In the same way, the intention of fog computing is to place
resources as close to the ground—that is, the IoT devices—as
possible

93. Fog Computing
● Examples : industrial controllers, switches, routers, embedded
servers, and IoT gateways
● An advantage of this structure is that fog node allows
intelligence gathering (analytics) and control from the closest
possible point
● In one sense, this introduces new layer to the traditional IT
computing model, one that is often referred to as the “fog layer”

94. Fog Computing

95. Edge Computing
● Also called as “mist” computing
● If clouds exist in sky, and fog sits near ground, then mist
actually sits on the ground
● Thus, concept of mist is to extend fog right into IoT endpoint
device itself
● Fog computing solutions are being adopted by many industries

96. Hierarchy of Edge, Fog and Cloud

97. Hierarchy of Edge, Fog and Cloud
● This model suggest hierarchical organization of network,
compute and data storage
● At each stage, data is collected, analyzed and responded to
whenever necessary
● Advantage - response to the events from resources close to
end device is faster

98. Hierarchy of Edge, Fog and Cloud
● Heterogeneity of IoT devices also means heterogeneity of Fog
and Edge computing resources while cloud is homogenous
● Fog and edge resource use different OS, have CPU and data
storage capabilities with different energy consumption
○ Edge and Fog requires an abstract layer that allows
application to communicate with one another
○ Abstract layer exposes a common set of APIs for
monitoring, provisioning and controlling physical resources
○ Requires the support of Virtualization, with ability to run
multiple OS
different