Sigmund Freud was an Austrian psychologist who founded psychoanalysis. He developed theories about the conscious and subconscious mind, including the tripartite model of the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed human development involves progressing through psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood, and that early childhood experiences, especially the Oedipus complex, influence our psychology as adults. His theories revolutionized Western thought and the fields of psychology, philosophy, and culture.

1. Professor Will Adams
Valencia College

2. The Analytical Life of
Sigmund Freud
Professor Will Adams
Valencia College

4. Background Information

5. Background Information
• Dr. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 to a middle
class family, and grew up in Vienna, Austria.

6. Background Information
• Dr. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 to a middle
class family, and grew up in Vienna, Austria.
• As a young man, Freud attended school at the University of
Vienna in beginning in 1873.

7. Background Information
• Dr. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 to a middle
class family, and grew up in Vienna, Austria.
• As a young man, Freud attended school at the University of
Vienna in beginning in 1873.
• By the 1890’s, Freud had become an established physician
working in Vienna.

8. Background Information
• Dr. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 to a middle
class family, and grew up in Vienna, Austria.
• As a young man, Freud attended school at the University of
Vienna in beginning in 1873.
• By the 1890’s, Freud had become an established physician
working in Vienna.
• He married Martha Bernay and they had six children:
Matilde (1887), Jean Martin (1889), Oliver (1891), Ernst
(1892), Sophie (1893), & Anna (1895).

10. The Field of Study

11. The Field of Study
• As an Austrian psychologist, he is
credited as the inventor of
psychoanalysis.

12. The Field of Study
• As an Austrian psychologist, he is
credited as the inventor of
psychoanalysis.
• His theories & discoveries had a
major impact on Western thought,
philosophy, art, & culture.

13. The Field of Study
• As an Austrian psychologist, he is
credited as the inventor of
psychoanalysis.
• His theories & discoveries had a
major impact on Western thought,
philosophy, art, & culture.
• He is perhaps most famous for his
discovery of the subconscious,
founding of psychoanalysis, &
theories of human sexuality.

14. The Field of Study
• Freud emphasized that many of
our problems in adult life come
from our relationships with our
parents during childhood.
• He defined psychoanalysis as a
procedure for the treatment for
the medically ill.
• Freud was intrigued by cases
involving child abuse, incest, as
well as other sexually-related
cases .

16. The Conscious Mind

17. The Conscious Mind
• Your conscious mind consists
of what you are aware of at
any particular moment, your
present perceptions,
memories, thoughts, fantasies,
& feelings.

18. The Conscious Mind
• Your conscious mind consists
of what you are aware of at
any particular moment, your
present perceptions,
memories, thoughts, fantasies,
& feelings.
• It also involves anything that
can easily be made conscious
- the memories you are not at
the moment thinking about
but can readily bring to mind.

20. The Subconscious Mind

21. The Subconscious Mind
• This is the largest part of the mind.

22. The Subconscious Mind
• This is the largest part of the mind.
• It includes all the things that are
not easily available to awareness -
our drives or instincts, & things
that are put there because we can't
bear to look at them (such as the
memories and emotions associated
with trauma).

23. The Subconscious Mind
• This is the largest part of the mind.
• It includes all the things that are
not easily available to awareness -
our drives or instincts, & things
that are put there because we can't
bear to look at them (such as the
memories and emotions associated
with trauma).
• Our motivations - whether they be
simple desires for food or sex,
neurotic compulsions, or the
motives of an artist or scientist - are
also housed in the subconscious
mind.

24. The Subconscious Mind
• Many artists find
inspiration for their
artwork through their
subconscious minds.
• We are sometimes driven
to deny or resist becoming
conscious of these motives,
& they are often available
to us only in disguised form,
such as dreams .

25. The Tripartite Mind

26. The Tripartite Mind

27. The Tripartite Mind
• The Id is that part of the mind in which the instinctual sexual
drives which require satisfaction are situated .

28. The Tripartite Mind
• The Id is that part of the mind in which the instinctual sexual
drives which require satisfaction are situated .
• The Super-Ego is that part which contains the conscience, which
is a socially-acquired control mechanism (usually imparted in
the first instance by the parents) which has been internalized.

29. The Tripartite Mind
• The Id is that part of the mind in which the instinctual sexual
drives which require satisfaction are situated .
• The Super-Ego is that part which contains the conscience, which
is a socially-acquired control mechanism (usually imparted in
the first instance by the parents) which has been internalized.
• The Ego is the conscious self created by the dynamic tensions
and interactions between the id and the super-ego, which has
the task of reconciling their conflicting demands with the
requirements of external reality.

30. The Freudian Model of the Psyche

32. The Id

33. The Id
• The nervous system translates our needs into motivational forces
called instincts or drives (Freud called them wishes).

34. The Id
• The nervous system translates our needs into motivational forces
called instincts or drives (Freud called them wishes).
• The translation from need to force is called the primary process.

35. The Id
• The nervous system translates our needs into motivational forces
called instincts or drives (Freud called them wishes).
• The translation from need to force is called the primary process.
• The id is controlled by the pleasure principle: the desire to take care
of needs immediately.

36. The Id
• The nervous system translates our needs into motivational forces
called instincts or drives (Freud called them wishes).
• The translation from need to force is called the primary process.
• The id is controlled by the pleasure principle: the desire to take care
of needs immediately.
• An example of this is an infant screaming for something: It does not
know what it wants, it just knows it wants it now. The id is developed
at birth.

37. The Id
• The nervous system translates our needs into motivational forces
called instincts or drives (Freud called them wishes).
• The translation from need to force is called the primary process.
• The id is controlled by the pleasure principle: the desire to take care
of needs immediately.
• An example of this is an infant screaming for something: It does not
know what it wants, it just knows it wants it now. The id is developed
at birth.
• As a want demands more & more of your attention (like a big piece of
chocolate cake when you’re on a diet) that is the id breaking through
to the conscious mind.

39. The Ego

40. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.

41. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.
• It searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to
represent our needs.

42. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.
• It searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to
represent our needs.
• This is called the secondary process

43. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.
• It searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to
represent our needs.
• This is called the secondary process
• The ego functions according to the reality principle: It will take care
of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found.

44. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.
• It searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to
represent our needs.
• This is called the secondary process
• The ego functions according to the reality principle: It will take care
of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found.
• This develops at around the age of one year.

45. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.
• It searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to
represent our needs.
• This is called the secondary process
• The ego functions according to the reality principle: It will take care
of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found.
• This develops at around the age of one year.
• Developmentally, it also keeps track of the rewards & punishments
handed out by parents.

46. The Ego
• The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its consciousness.
• It searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to
represent our needs.
• This is called the secondary process
• The ego functions according to the reality principle: It will take care
of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found.
• This develops at around the age of one year.
• Developmentally, it also keeps track of the rewards & punishments
handed out by parents.
• Psychoanalysis is used to gain access to that which the ego has tried
to hide in the unconscious, or disguise by means of other defense
mechanisms.

48. Defense Mechanisms

49. Defense Mechanisms
• The mind possesses a number of 'defense
mechanisms' to attempt to prevent
conflicts from becoming too acute. A few
examples are:
– Repression (pushing conflicts back
into the unconscious)
– Sublimation (channeling the sexual
drives into the achievement socially
acceptable goals, in art, science,
poetry, etc.)
– Fixation (the failure to progress
beyond one of the developmental
stages)
– Regression (a return to the
behavioral characteristic of one of
the stages).

51. The Super Ego

52. The Super Ego
• There are two components to the superego:
– The conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and
warnings
– The other is called the ego ideal

53. The Super Ego
• There are two components to the superego:
– The conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and
warnings
– The other is called the ego ideal
• The ego ideal derives from rewards & positive models presented to
the child

54. The Super Ego
• There are two components to the superego:
– The conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and
warnings
– The other is called the ego ideal
• The ego ideal derives from rewards & positive models presented to
the child
• The ego ideal is a new set of needs & accompanying wishes of social,
not biological origin, which can conflict with the id.

55. The Super Ego
• There are two components to the superego:
– The conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and
warnings
– The other is called the ego ideal
• The ego ideal derives from rewards & positive models presented to
the child
• The ego ideal is a new set of needs & accompanying wishes of social,
not biological origin, which can conflict with the id.
• The super-ego represents society, & society often wants nothing
better than to have you never satisfy your needs at all.

56. • Life instincts: These instincts
perpetuate
– The life of the individual, by
motivating him or her to seek food &
water, and
– The life of the species, by motivating
him or her to have sex
• Death instinct: every person has an
unconscious wish to die
• Nirvana principle: This refers to non-
existence, nothingness, the void, which
is the goal of all life in Buddhist
philosophy.

57. Our Basic Instincts
• Life instincts: These instincts
perpetuate
– The life of the individual, by
motivating him or her to seek food &
water, and
– The life of the species, by motivating
him or her to have sex
• Death instinct: every person has an
unconscious wish to die
• Nirvana principle: This refers to non-
existence, nothingness, the void, which
is the goal of all life in Buddhist
philosophy.

59. Anxiety and Neurosis

60. Anxiety and Neurosis
• The ego is the center of powerful forces: reality; society, as
represented by the superego; & biology, as represented by the
id.

61. Anxiety and Neurosis
• The ego is the center of powerful forces: reality; society, as
represented by the superego; & biology, as represented by the
id.
• As a result, it can feel overwhelmed or anxious.

62. Anxiety and Neurosis
• The ego is the center of powerful forces: reality; society, as
represented by the superego; & biology, as represented by the
id.
• As a result, it can feel overwhelmed or anxious.
• There are many types of anxiety:
– Realistic anxiety or fear
– Moral anxiety: Here, threats come not from the outer world, but from
the internalized social world of the superego.
– Neurotic anxiety: This is the fear of being overwhelmed by impulses
from the id (losing control) (e.g. Temper, rationality, peace of mind).

64. Psychosexual Development

65. Psychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual Development

66. Psychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual Development
• The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The source of pleasure comes from
the mouth (sucking and biting).

67. Psychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual Development
• The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The source of pleasure comes from
the mouth (sucking and biting).
• The anal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the anus (“holding it in”). This is also where the child learns
behavior modification.

68. Psychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual Development
• The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The source of pleasure comes from
the mouth (sucking and biting).
• The anal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the anus (“holding it in”). This is also where the child learns
behavior modification.
• The phallic stage lasts from three or four to five, six, or seven years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the genitalia (self-explanatory).

69. Psychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual Development
• The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The source of pleasure comes from
the mouth (sucking and biting).
• The anal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the anus (“holding it in”). This is also where the child learns
behavior modification.
• The phallic stage lasts from three or four to five, six, or seven years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the genitalia (self-explanatory).
• The latent stage lasts from five, six, or seven to puberty (sexual drive is suppressed
while learning).

70. Psychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual Development
• The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The source of pleasure comes from
the mouth (sucking and biting).
• The anal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the anus (“holding it in”). This is also where the child learns
behavior modification.
• The phallic stage lasts from three or four to five, six, or seven years old. The focus of
pleasure comes from the genitalia (self-explanatory).
• The latent stage lasts from five, six, or seven to puberty (sexual drive is suppressed
while learning).
• The genital stage begins at puberty, & represents the resurgence of the sex drive in
adolescence, & the more specific focusing of pleasure in sexual intercourse

72. The Oedipal Crisis

73. The Oedipal Crisis
• Freud believed that all children yearn for their mothers’ attention in
an essentially sexual way.

74. The Oedipal Crisis
• Freud believed that all children yearn for their mothers’ attention in
an essentially sexual way.
• The son recognizes father as an archetype of masculinity & as a rival
(gets to sleep with mother etc.).

75. The Oedipal Crisis
• Freud believed that all children yearn for their mothers’ attention in
an essentially sexual way.
• The son recognizes father as an archetype of masculinity & as a rival
(gets to sleep with mother etc.).
• As a result, the son attempts to become more & more like the father
as he enters adolescence & the world of mature heterosexuality.

76. The Oedipal Crisis
• Freud believed that all children yearn for their mothers’ attention in
an essentially sexual way.
• The son recognizes father as an archetype of masculinity & as a rival
(gets to sleep with mother etc.).
• As a result, the son attempts to become more & more like the father
as he enters adolescence & the world of mature heterosexuality.
• Castration anxiety, the fear of losing one's penis, develops as boys
notice the difference between males and females during the phallic
stage.

77. The Oedipal Crisis
• Freud believed that all children yearn for their mothers’ attention in
an essentially sexual way.
• The son recognizes father as an archetype of masculinity & as a rival
(gets to sleep with mother etc.).
• As a result, the son attempts to become more & more like the father
as he enters adolescence & the world of mature heterosexuality.
• Castration anxiety, the fear of losing one's penis, develops as boys
notice the difference between males and females during the phallic
stage.
• Penis envy occurs when the young girl notices the difference between
boys & girls and feels that she somehow doesn't “measure up”.

79. The Theory of Hysteria

80. The Theory of Hysteria
• Freud believed that every hysteria
was the result of a traumatic
experience – one that cannot be
integrated into the person's
understanding of the world, or the
result of a traumatic childhood
experience (e.g. sexual abuse or
molestation).

81. The Theory of Hysteria
• Freud believed that every hysteria
was the result of a traumatic
experience – one that cannot be
integrated into the person's
understanding of the world, or the
result of a traumatic childhood
experience (e.g. sexual abuse or
molestation).
• The emotions appropriate to the
trauma are not expressed directly.

82. The Theory of Hysteria
• Freud believed that every hysteria
was the result of a traumatic
experience – one that cannot be
integrated into the person's
understanding of the world, or the
result of a traumatic childhood
experience (e.g. sexual abuse or
molestation).
• The emotions appropriate to the
trauma are not expressed directly.
• Instead, they express themselves in
behaviors that in a weak, vague
way offer a response to the trauma.

83. The Theory of Hysteria
• These symptoms are
meaningful.
• When the client is be made
aware of the meanings of his or
her symptoms (e.g. through
hypnosis) then the unexpressed
emotions are released & no
longer need to express
themselves as symptoms.
• Freud believed that secret
sexual desires lay at the bottom
of all hysterical neuroses.

85. The Use of Psychoanalysis

86. The Use of Psychoanalysis
• To re-establish a harmonious relationship between the id,
ego, and superego (which constitute the psyche) by
uncovering and resolving unconscious, repressed conflicts.

87. The Use of Psychoanalysis
• To re-establish a harmonious relationship between the id,
ego, and superego (which constitute the psyche) by
uncovering and resolving unconscious, repressed conflicts.
• When a hysterical patient was encouraged to talk freely
about the earliest occurrences of her symptoms & fantasies,
the symptoms began to disappear & were eventually
eliminated entirely.

88. The Use of Psychoanalysis
• To re-establish a harmonious relationship between the id,
ego, and superego (which constitute the psyche) by
uncovering and resolving unconscious, repressed conflicts.
• When a hysterical patient was encouraged to talk freely
about the earliest occurrences of her symptoms & fantasies,
the symptoms began to disappear & were eventually
eliminated entirely.
• This was, Freud theorized, because she was being induced to
remember the initial trauma which caused the symptoms.

89. • In Uber Coca (1884) Freud
concluded there were 7
conditions for which cocaine use
might prove valuable:
– As a mental stimulant
– As a possible treatment for
digestive disorders
– As an appetite stimulant in case of
wasting diseases
– As a treatment of morphine and
alcohol addiction
– As a treatment for asthma
– As an aphrodisiac
– As a local anesthetic

90. Sigmund and The Big C
• In Uber Coca (1884) Freud
concluded there were 7
conditions for which cocaine use
might prove valuable:
– As a mental stimulant
– As a possible treatment for
digestive disorders
– As an appetite stimulant in case of
wasting diseases
– As a treatment of morphine and
alcohol addiction
– As a treatment for asthma
– As an aphrodisiac
– As a local anesthetic

91. Sigmund and The Big C
• That’s right: Freud liked the yeyo! • In Uber Coca (1884) Freud
concluded there were 7
conditions for which cocaine use
might prove valuable:
– As a mental stimulant
– As a possible treatment for
digestive disorders
– As an appetite stimulant in case of
wasting diseases
– As a treatment of morphine and
alcohol addiction
– As a treatment for asthma
– As an aphrodisiac
– As a local anesthetic

92. Sigmund and The Big C
• That’s right: Freud liked the yeyo!
• In fact, he loved cocaine so much
that he sent it to friends, his
fiancé, and prescribed it to his
patients.
• In Uber Coca (1884) Freud
concluded there were 7
conditions for which cocaine use
might prove valuable:
– As a mental stimulant
– As a possible treatment for
digestive disorders
– As an appetite stimulant in case of
wasting diseases
– As a treatment of morphine and
alcohol addiction
– As a treatment for asthma
– As an aphrodisiac
– As a local anesthetic

93. Sigmund and The Big C
• That’s right: Freud liked the yeyo!
• In fact, he loved cocaine so much
that he sent it to friends, his
fiancé, and prescribed it to his
patients.
• He became interested in cocaine
after reading a German doctor’s
report that the drug increased
soldiers’ endurance.
• In Uber Coca (1884) Freud
concluded there were 7
conditions for which cocaine use
might prove valuable:
– As a mental stimulant
– As a possible treatment for
digestive disorders
– As an appetite stimulant in case of
wasting diseases
– As a treatment of morphine and
alcohol addiction
– As a treatment for asthma
– As an aphrodisiac
– As a local anesthetic

94. Sigmund and The Big C
• That’s right: Freud liked the yeyo!
• In fact, he loved cocaine so much
that he sent it to friends, his
fiancé, and prescribed it to his
patients.
• He became interested in cocaine
after reading a German doctor’s
report that the drug increased
soldiers’ endurance.
• After learning this, he continued
his exploration of its uses with a
new energy.
• In Uber Coca (1884) Freud
concluded there were 7
conditions for which cocaine use
might prove valuable:
– As a mental stimulant
– As a possible treatment for
digestive disorders
– As an appetite stimulant in case of
wasting diseases
– As a treatment of morphine and
alcohol addiction
– As a treatment for asthma
– As an aphrodisiac
– As a local anesthetic

95. The 4 Periods of Study
• Freud’s work can be divided into 4
main periods:
• 1886 – 1895: The exploration of
neurosis, from the inception of practice
until the "Studies on Hysteria".
• 1895 – 1899: Self-analysis.
• 1900 – 1914: Id psychology, in which
he developed the first system of
psychoanalytic psychology.
• 1914 – 1939: Ego psychology,
involving a considerable extension
and elaboration of the earlier ideas.

96. Das Ende