Psychology

1. Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

2. Background InfoBackground Info
• Born in middleclass neighborhood in ViennaBorn in middleclass neighborhood in Vienna
• Went to school at the University of Vienna inWent to school at the University of Vienna in
18731873
• By the 1890’s Freud had become an establishedBy the 1890’s Freud had become an established
physicianphysician
• MarriedMarried Martha BernayMartha Bernay and had six children;and had six children;
Matilde (1887), Jean Martin (1889), OliverMatilde (1887), Jean Martin (1889), Oliver
(1891), Ernst (1892), Sophie (1893), Anna(1891), Ernst (1892), Sophie (1893), Anna
(1895)(1895)

3. Field of StudyField of Study
• Austrian Psychologist, inventor ofAustrian Psychologist, inventor of
psychoanalysispsychoanalysis
• Had a major impact on Western thought andHad a major impact on Western thought and
philosophyphilosophy
• discovery of the subconscious, founding ofdiscovery of the subconscious, founding of
psychoanalysis and theories of human sexualitypsychoanalysis and theories of human sexuality
• emphasized that many of our problems in lateremphasized that many of our problems in later
life come from our relationships with our parentslife come from our relationships with our parents
• Freud defines psychoanalysis as a procedure forFreud defines psychoanalysis as a procedure for
the treatment for the medically illthe treatment for the medically ill
• Freud was intrigued by cases involving childFreud was intrigued by cases involving child
abuse, incest as well as other sexually relatedabuse, incest as well as other sexually related
casescases

4. Conscious MindConscious Mind
• conscious mindconscious mind isis
what you are aware ofwhat you are aware of
at any particularat any particular
moment, your presentmoment, your present
perceptions,perceptions,
memories, thoughts,memories, thoughts,
fantasies, andfantasies, and
feelingsfeelings
• anything that cananything that can
easily be madeeasily be made
conscious, theconscious, the
memories you are notmemories you are not
at the momentat the moment
thinking about but canthinking about but can
readily bring to mindreadily bring to mind

5. SubconsciousSubconscious
• Largest part of the mindLargest part of the mind
• It includes all the things that are not easily available to awarenessIt includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness
• our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can'tour drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't
bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associatedbear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated
with traumawith trauma
• of our motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex,of our motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex,
neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientistneurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist
• we are sometimes driven to deny or resist becoming conscious ofwe are sometimes driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of
these motives, and they are often available to us only in disguisedthese motives, and they are often available to us only in disguised
formform
Many artists find
inspiration for their
artwork through their
subconscious

6. tripartite model oftripartite model of
the structure of thethe structure of the
mindmind
• TheThe idid is that part of the mind in which areis that part of the mind in which are
situated the instinctual sexual drives whichsituated the instinctual sexual drives which
require satisfactionrequire satisfaction
• thethe super-egosuper-ego is that part which contains theis that part which contains the
'conscience', socially-acquired control'conscience', socially-acquired control
mechanisms (usually imparted in the firstmechanisms (usually imparted in the first
instance by the parents) which have beeninstance by the parents) which have been
internalizedinternalized
• while thewhile the egoego is the conscious self created by theis the conscious self created by the
dynamic tensions and interactions between thedynamic tensions and interactions between the
idid and theand the super-egosuper-ego, which has the task of, which has the task of
reconciling their conflicting demands with thereconciling their conflicting demands with the
requirements of external realityrequirements of external reality

7. Human Psyche

8. The IdThe Id
• nervous system translates the organism's needs intonervous system translates the organism's needs into
motivational forces calledmotivational forces called instinctsinstincts oror drivesdrives (Freud(Freud
called them wishes)called them wishes)
• translation from need to wish is called thetranslation from need to wish is called the primaryprimary
processprocess
• pleasure principlepleasure principle : a demand to take care of needs: a demand to take care of needs
immediatelyimmediately
• An example of this is an infant screaming for something.An example of this is an infant screaming for something.
It does not know what it wants, it just knows it wants itIt does not know what it wants, it just knows it wants it
now. The id is developed at birth.now. The id is developed at birth.
• As a want demands more and more of your attentionAs a want demands more and more of your attention
(like a big piece of chocolate cake when you’re on a diet)(like a big piece of chocolate cake when you’re on a diet)
that is the object breaking through to the conscious mindthat is the object breaking through to the conscious mind

9. The EgoThe Ego
• relates the organism to reality by means of itsrelates the organism to reality by means of its
consciousnessconsciousness
• it searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that idit searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that id
creates to represent the organisms needscreates to represent the organisms needs
• This is called theThis is called the secondary processsecondary process
• functions according to thefunctions according to the reality principlereality principle: take care: take care
of a need as soon as an appropriate object is foundof a need as soon as an appropriate object is found
• Developed at around the age of one yearDeveloped at around the age of one year
• it keeps track of the rewards and punishments handedit keeps track of the rewards and punishments handed
out by mom and dadout by mom and dad
• Psychoanalysis is used to gain access to that which thePsychoanalysis is used to gain access to that which the
ego has tried to hide in the unconscious or disguise byego has tried to hide in the unconscious or disguise by
means of other defense mechanismsmeans of other defense mechanisms

10. Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
The mindThe mind possesses a number of 'defense mechanisms' topossesses a number of 'defense mechanisms' to
attempt to prevent conflicts from becoming too acute. Aattempt to prevent conflicts from becoming too acute. A
few examples are:few examples are:
• repressionrepression (pushing conflicts back into the unconscious)(pushing conflicts back into the unconscious)
• sublimationsublimation (channeling the sexual drives into the(channeling the sexual drives into the
achievement socially acceptable goals, in art, science,achievement socially acceptable goals, in art, science,
poetry, etc.)poetry, etc.)
• fixationfixation (the failure to progress beyond one of the(the failure to progress beyond one of the
developmental stages)developmental stages)
• regressionregression (a return to the behaviour characteristic of(a return to the behaviour characteristic of
one of the stages).one of the stages).
For more info on the defense mechanisms go to:For more info on the defense mechanisms go to:
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/freud.htmlhttp://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/freud.html

11. The Super EgoThe Super Ego
• two aspects to the superego: thetwo aspects to the superego: the conscienceconscience, which is, which is
an internalization of punishments and warnings; Thean internalization of punishments and warnings; The
other is called theother is called the ego idealego ideal
• Ego ideal derives from rewards and positive modelsEgo ideal derives from rewards and positive models
presented to the childpresented to the child
• new set of needs and accompanying wishes of socialnew set of needs and accompanying wishes of social
rather than biological originsrather than biological origins
• Can conflict with the idCan conflict with the id
• the superego represents society, and society often wantsthe superego represents society, and society often wants
nothing better than to have you never satisfy your needsnothing better than to have you never satisfy your needs
at allat all

12. InstinctsInstincts
• life instinctslife instincts : These instincts perpetuate: These instincts perpetuate
(a) the life of the individual, by motivating(a) the life of the individual, by motivating
him or her to seek food and water, and (b)him or her to seek food and water, and (b)
the life of the species, by motivating him orthe life of the species, by motivating him or
her to have sexher to have sex
• death instinctdeath instinct : every person has an: every person has an
unconscious wish to dieunconscious wish to die
• nirvana principlenirvana principle : refers to non-: refers to non-
existence, nothingness, the void, which isexistence, nothingness, the void, which is
the goal of all life in Buddhist philosophythe goal of all life in Buddhist philosophy

13. AnxietyAnxiety
• The ego is the center of powerful forces: reality; society, asThe ego is the center of powerful forces: reality; society, as
represented by the superego; biology, as represented by the idrepresented by the superego; biology, as represented by the id
• It can feel threatened or overwhelmed, there are many types ofIt can feel threatened or overwhelmed, there are many types of
anxietyanxiety
• realistic anxietyrealistic anxiety or fearor fear
• moral anxietymoral anxiety : threat comes not from the outer, physical world, but: threat comes not from the outer, physical world, but
from the internalized social world of the superegofrom the internalized social world of the superego
• neurotic anxietyneurotic anxiety . This is the fear of being overwhelmed by. This is the fear of being overwhelmed by
impulses from the id (losing control e.g. Temper, rationality, peace ofimpulses from the id (losing control e.g. Temper, rationality, peace of
mind)mind)

14. Psychosexual DevelopmentPsychosexual Development
Stages of Infantile Sexual DevelopmentStages of Infantile Sexual Development
• TheThe oral stageoral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The focus oflasts from birth to about 18 months. The focus of
pleasure is the mouth (sucking and biting)pleasure is the mouth (sucking and biting)
• TheThe anal stageanal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four yearslasts from about 18 months to three or four years
old. The focus of pleasure is the anus (“holding it in”). This is alsoold. The focus of pleasure is the anus (“holding it in”). This is also
where the child learns BEHAVIOR MODIFICATIONwhere the child learns BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
• TheThe phallic stagephallic stage lasts from three or four to five, six, or sevenlasts from three or four to five, six, or seven
years old. The focus of pleasure is the genitalia (self explanatory)years old. The focus of pleasure is the genitalia (self explanatory)
• TheThe latent stagelatent stage lasts from five, six, or seven to puberty (sexuallasts from five, six, or seven to puberty (sexual
drive is suppressed while learning)drive is suppressed while learning)
• TheThe genital stagegenital stage begins at puberty, and represents thebegins at puberty, and represents the
resurgence of the sex drive in adolescence, and the more specificresurgence of the sex drive in adolescence, and the more specific
focusing of pleasure in sexual intercoursefocusing of pleasure in sexual intercourse

15. The Oedipal CrisisThe Oedipal Crisis
• All children yearn for mother’s attention (essentially in a sexual way)All children yearn for mother’s attention (essentially in a sexual way)
• Son recognizes father as an archetype as he is a rival (gets to sleepSon recognizes father as an archetype as he is a rival (gets to sleep
with mother etc.)with mother etc.)
• castration anxietycastration anxiety , the fear of losing one's penis (develops as boys, the fear of losing one's penis (develops as boys
notice the difference between males and females)notice the difference between males and females)
• attempts to become more andattempts to become more and
more like father, (a man)more like father, (a man)
• he enters adolescence and thehe enters adolescence and the
world of mature heterosexualityworld of mature heterosexuality
• penis envypenis envy : The young girl has: The young girl has
noticed the difference between boysnoticed the difference between boys
and girls and feels that she,and girls and feels that she,
somehow, doesn't measure upsomehow, doesn't measure up

16. The Theory of hysTeriaThe Theory of hysTeria
• Every hysteria is the result of a traumaticEvery hysteria is the result of a traumatic
experience, one that cannot be integratedexperience, one that cannot be integrated
into the person's understanding of the worldinto the person's understanding of the world
• Or the result of a traumatic childhoodOr the result of a traumatic childhood
experience (sexual abuse/molestation)experience (sexual abuse/molestation)
• The emotions appropriate to the trauma areThe emotions appropriate to the trauma are
not expressed directlynot expressed directly
• They express themselves in behaviors thatThey express themselves in behaviors that
in a weak, vague way offer a response toin a weak, vague way offer a response to
the traumathe trauma
• These symptoms are meaningfulThese symptoms are meaningful
• When the client can be made aware of theWhen the client can be made aware of the
meanings of his or her symptoms (e.g.meanings of his or her symptoms (e.g.
through hypnosis) then the unexpressedthrough hypnosis) then the unexpressed
emotions are released and no longer needemotions are released and no longer need
to express themselves as symptomsto express themselves as symptoms
• secret sexual desires lay at the bottom of allsecret sexual desires lay at the bottom of all
these hysterical neurosesthese hysterical neuroses

17. PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
• To re-establish a harmonious relationshipTo re-establish a harmonious relationship
between the id, ego, and superego whichbetween the id, ego, and superego which
constitute the mind by uncovering and resolvingconstitute the mind by uncovering and resolving
unconscious repressed conflictsunconscious repressed conflicts
• when a hysterical patient was encouraged towhen a hysterical patient was encouraged to
talk freely about the earliest occurrences of hertalk freely about the earliest occurrences of her
symptoms and fantasies, the symptoms begansymptoms and fantasies, the symptoms began
to disappear, and were eliminated entirelyto disappear, and were eliminated entirely
• she was induced to remember the initial traumashe was induced to remember the initial trauma
which caused themwhich caused them

18. The Big CThe Big C
That’s right, Freud liked the yeyo.That’s right, Freud liked the yeyo. In fact, he lovedIn fact, he loved
cocaine so much that he sent it to friends, his fiancé, andcocaine so much that he sent it to friends, his fiancé, and
prescribed it to his patients.prescribed it to his patients. Freud became interested in cocaineFreud became interested in cocaine
after reading a German doctor’s report that the drug increasedafter reading a German doctor’s report that the drug increased
soldiers’ endurance. He continued his work with a new energy.soldiers’ endurance. He continued his work with a new energy.
Freud concludedFreud concluded Uber CocaUber Coca (1884) by recommending seven(1884) by recommending seven
conditions for which cocaine pharmacotherapy might proveconditions for which cocaine pharmacotherapy might prove
valuable:valuable:
• as a mental stimulantas a mental stimulant
• as a possible treatment for digestive disordersas a possible treatment for digestive disorders
• as an appetite stimulant in case of wasting diseasesas an appetite stimulant in case of wasting diseases
• as a treatment of morphine and alcohol addictionas a treatment of morphine and alcohol addiction
• as a treatment for asthmaas a treatment for asthma
• as an aphrodisiacas an aphrodisiac
• as a local anaestheticas a local anaesthetic

19. Major WorksMajor Works
Freud’s work can be divided into four mainFreud’s work can be divided into four main
periods:periods:
The exploration of neurosis, from the inception ofThe exploration of neurosis, from the inception of
practice (1886) until the "Studies on Hysteria"practice (1886) until the "Studies on Hysteria"
-1895.-1895.
Self-analysis - 1895-1899.Self-analysis - 1895-1899.
Id psychology, in which was elaborated the firstId psychology, in which was elaborated the first
system of psychoanalytic psychology - 1900-system of psychoanalytic psychology - 1900-
1914.1914.
Ego psychology, involving a considerableEgo psychology, involving a considerable
extension and elaboration of the earlier ideas,extension and elaboration of the earlier ideas,
lasting from 1914 until 1939lasting from 1914 until 1939

20. Studies in HysteriaStudies in Hysteria (Freud and Breuer, 1895)(Freud and Breuer, 1895)
The Aetiology of HysteriaThe Aetiology of Hysteria (1896)(1896)
The Interpretation of DreamsThe Interpretation of Dreams (1900)(1900)
The Psychopathology of Everyday LifeThe Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)(1901)
Three Essays on the Theory of SexualityThree Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)(1905)
Five Lectures on Psycho-AnalysisFive Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1916)(1916)
The Ego and the IdThe Ego and the Id (1923)(1923)

21. Works CitedWorks Cited
Explorer of the Unconscious – MargaretExplorer of the Unconscious – Margaret
MuckenhouptMuckenhoupt
Philosophy ~ 100 ~ Essential Thinkers–Philosophy ~ 100 ~ Essential Thinkers–
Philip StokesPhilip Stokes
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/freud.htmlhttp://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/freud.html
http://www.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96http://www.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96
may/freud.htmlmay/freud.html