NURSING CADRES

2.  It refe rs formation of stones in the urinary
tract when urinary concentrations of
substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium
phosphate, uric acid.
BRUNNER AND SUDDARTH’S
 Renal calculi are hard, generally small stones
that from somewhere in the renal structures.
WILLIAMS,HOPPER

3. Due to etiological factors
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Alters the renal flow and metabolism
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Increases the concentration in the blood and
urine
↓
Increases the viscosity of the blood
↓

4. Mucoproteins formation in the kidney
↓
Kidney is unable to detoxify the urine
↓
Increases the urine concentration
↓
Stone formation in the kidney
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Signs and symptoms occur.

5.  Stone block the flow of urine:
Pyelonephritis and U.T.I
Chills, fever.
Pain, discomfort.
 Stone in the renal pelvis.
Hematuria.
Pyuria.
Pain.
Nausea and vomiting.
Diarrhea.

6.  Stone lodged in the ureter.
Acute coliky wave like pain
radiating down the thigh and to the genitalia.
Hematuria.
 Stones lodged in the bladder:
Irritation.
Hematuria.
Urinary retention.
Urosepsis.

10. Goals:
 To eradicate the stone.
 Determine the stone type.
 Prevent nephron distruction.
 Control infection.
 To relieve any obstruction.
 Relieve the pain

11. Management of calcium stones:
 Restrict calcium in diet.
 Increase hydration.
Uric acid stones:
 Provide low purine diet.
 Use of ALLOPURINOL

12. Cystine stones:
 Low protein diet.
 Fluid intake is increased.
Oxalate stones:
 Low intake of oxalate foods.

13. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

14.  Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PNL)

15.  Ureteroscopic Stone Removal
 Open (incisional) surgery

16. Relieving pain
 Administer anlgesics
 Providence of comfort position.
Preventing complications.
 Increasing fluid intake.
 Encouraged ambulation.
 Monitor vital signs.
 Administer the antibiotics.
Promoting home care.
 About diet

19.  Decreased or loss of function in effected
kidney.
 Kidney damage.
 Recurrence of stones.
 Urinary tract infection.