Kidney stones, often caused by diet and dehydration, lead to intense pain, blood in urine, and urinary issues. Treatment varies from hydration and pain relief to surgical procedures.

1. Kidney stones
Symptoms, causes,
types & treatment
Dr. Saket Narnoli
www.dhanbadurologist.com

2. How common are
kidney stones?
Kidney stones are a relatively common medical condition,
affecting approximately 1 in 10 people during their lifetime,
with higher prevalence in certain populations.

3. What is a kidney
stone?
• A kidney stone is a solid mineral and salt
deposit that forms in the kidneys. These stones
can vary in size and composition, consisting of
minerals like calcium, oxalate, or uric acid.
• They can cause severe pain and other
symptoms when they obstruct the urinary tract,
leading to complications.

4. Types of kidney stones?
• Calcium Oxalate Stones: The most common
type, formed when calcium combines with
oxalate.
• Calcium Phosphate Stones: Composed of
calcium and phosphate minerals.
• Uric Acid Stones: Formed when there's an
excess of uric acid in the urine, often
associated with conditions like gout.
• Struvite Stones: Typically caused by urinary
tract infections and consist of magnesium,
ammonium, and phosphate.
• Cystine Stones: Rare and caused by a genetic
condition called cystinuria, resulting in the
buildup of cystine in the urine.

5. Causes of kidney stones
• Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake can lead to concentrated urine, making it easier for minerals
to crystallize and form stones.
• Family History: A family history of kidney stones can increase your susceptibility.
• Obesity: Excess body weight can lead to changes in urinary patterns and increase the risk of
stone formation.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions like gout, urinary tract infections, and certain metabolic disorders
can promote stone development.
• Medications: Some medications, like diuretics and antacids, can affect urinary chemistry and
potentially lead to stone formation.
• Age and Gender: Men are more prone to kidney stones, and the risk tends to increase with age.

6. Symptoms of kidney stones
• severe pain on either side of your lower back
• more vague pain or stomachache that doesn't go away
• blood in the urine
• nausea or vomiting
• fever and chills
• difficulty passing urine
• urine that smells bad or looks cloudy

7. Treatments for kidney stones
Lithotripsy treatment
uses shock waves to
break up the kidney
stone into small pieces.
Lithotripsy
During a ureteroscopy,
a doctor inserts a long
tube-like tool into your
ureter to take out the
stone (if it is small) or
break the stone into
small pieces
Ureteroscopy
During the surgery, a
doctor will insert a tube
into your kidney to remove
the stone.
Surgery
The treatment for a kidney stone depends on:
• The size of the stone
• The type of stone
• If the stone is causing you pain
• If the stone is blocking your urinary tract

8. prevention kidney stones
• Drink enough fluids every day. Eight to twelve cups of
fluid per day is enough for most people. If you have
kidney disease and need to limit fluids, ask your doctor
how much fluid you should have each day.
• Limit your sodium (salt) and animal protein such as meat
and eggs. If your doctor can find out what your kidney
stone is made of, they may give you a specific eating
plan to help prevent future kidney stones.
• Take all of your prescription medicines as your doctor
tells you to treat health problems that may make kidney
stones more likely for you.

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Do you have any questions?
dr.saketnarnoli@yahoo.com
+91 97085 60603
www.dhanbadurologist.com