1) More developed countries have low population growth rates and aging populations due to decreasing fertility rates as a result of increased access to birth control, higher costs of raising children, and women delaying childbearing to enter the workforce. 2) Issues they face include high mortality rates among certain groups, a growing elderly population as life expectancy increases, and problems with high levels of immigration from developing countries. 3) Policies to address these issues include legalizing birth control and abortion, increasing access to family planning services, implementing strict immigration policies, increasing sex education, and promoting pro-natalist attitudes in some conservative regions.

1. Population problems
and policies of
developed countries
and developing
countries
PRITHVIJEET SINGH THAKUR

2. How to define a developing country
 Developing countries. Countries with low or middle levels of GDP per
capita as well as five high-income developing economies -China, Israel,
Kuwait, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates (World Bank
classification).
 Several countries with transition economies are sometimes grouped with
developing countries based on their low or middle levels of per capita
income, and sometimes with developed countries based on their high
industrialization.

4. Factors Affecting Human Population
Size
Population change equation
 Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
 Crude birth rate = births per 1000 people in population per year
 Crude death rate = deaths per 1000 people in population per year Total
 Fertility Rate (TFR) - Number of children a woman has during her lifetime, averaged
for population.
 Replacement Level Fertility - Number of children needed to replace everyone in the
population.
Varies between regions
2.1 with low infant mortality
2.5 with high infant mortality
 Zero Population Growth - Birth rate equals death rate.

8. MATERNAL MORTALITY

11. Human Population Issue

17. • A policy is a set of government statements and
actions that are designed to influence the behavior of
the people in order to achieve a desired outcome
• Government actions can be categorized into five broad
“policy instruments”

19. Definition: Population policies to influence
population growth and distribution involve a wide
range of decisions and actions by governments, both
direct and indirect, which influence individual and
family decisions regarding marriage and
childbearing, working arrangements, place of
residence, etc.

20. • Direct or explicit – government actions taken
for the purpose of affecting a demographic
outcome , e.g., migration laws
• Indirect or implicit – government actions that
only indirectly have some demographic effects,
e.g., promoting female education

21. Explicit Policies
– Provide free family planning
services
– Increase taxes for each additional child
– Restrict immigration
– Raise the age of marriage

22. Socio-economic Environment
Government Decisions
Family Decisions

23. • What is the likely social/economic future if current
demographic trends continue unchanged?
• What is a more desirable alternative
demographic picture of the future?
• What current behaviors must be changed to achieve
the more desirable future?
Steps in Formulating a Population Policy

26. • Aka Anti-natalists – encourage family planning
(birth control)
• China (starting 1971)
• Bangladesh –
TFR: 1981 – 6, 2000 – 2.9
• Thailand –
TFR: 1969 – 6.5, 2005 – 1.7

27. Expansive Policies

28. • Russia –
– Sept. 12 Conception Day in Ulyanovsk Province
• Sweden –
– 1980s – couples with small children received tax
incentives, job leaves, work flexibility for 8 years
– Early 1990s – mini baby boom
– However, in mid-1990s the economy slowed and
so did the baby boom

30. Incentives

32. Many exceptions for second child have been
introduced since 1984

34. • % 65 yrs or older:
– 2000: 6%
– 2009: 8%
• Elderly growing at 3.2% each year
• May reach 20% at 2035
• The median age is on pace to move from the
current 32 years to 44 years by 2040

42. • 1967: Start of family planning
– Accelerating economic growth
• 1979: start of Islamic Revolution
– promotion of contraception by health officials
banned
– procreation to bolster the ranks of “soldiers for
Islam” (8 year war with Iraq)

44. India

45. • 1991: continued to have one of the fastest growing
populations
• Contributing factors
– Son preference
– Marrying young
– High infant mortality rate

46. More Developed
Countries
Population problems and policies

47. Introduction
● More developed countries refer to 30 to 40 countries mainly Europe, Anglo America,
Australia, Japan, Argentina, Uruguay etc
● These countries supports only 24.5 % of the world's population.
● Most of these countries are on the last stage of demographic transition.
● This means their population is either stagnant or has a slow rate of growth.

48. Population reference bureau

49. Present problems
1. Decreasing fertility rates
Reasons:
● Relaxation on restrictions on the use of contraceptives
● Increase in Female labour force participation.
● Change in Church’s attitude towards abortions
● 1 in 4 pregnancies in the world are aborted.
● Delayed childbearing due to late marriage
● Childbearing and rearing has become expensive.

50. Population reference bureau

51. 2. High mortality rates
Despite improvements in health care, this has been the shocking sign of failure of development.
Reasons
● Large proportion of population lies in old age segment.
● Male mortality rates are higher than female mortality rates.
3. Ageing population
Reasons:
● Low mortality rates
● Low fertility rates
● Baby boom after WWII

52. Population reference bureau

53. Source: World bank
Labour force participation rates for ages 15-24 years in United States

54. Population reference bureau

55. 4.Problem of Immigration
Reasons:
● High standards of living of developed countries attracts people from all over the
world.
● People fleeing war situations e.g Syria.
● Demand for unskilled labour.
● Migrants enter countries illegally.

56. Policies to stabilise population
1. Legalised birth control method
● The Contraceptive pill introduced in 1960s, was made legal in most countries by the 1970s.
1. Legalised abortions
● 61 countries in the world have legalised abortions without restriction.
● Church’s attitude towards abortions has relaxed.
1. Family planning services
● This was introduced to minimise the problems of unintended pregnancies, illegitimacy and to promote
female reproductive health.

57. 4.Strict immigration policies
● Countries like USA and uk have formulated discriminatory policies for combating the large
number of immigrants.
5.Sex education in schools
● Sweden, has made sex education compulsory in schools to reduce unintended pregnancies.
6.Pro Natalist attitude
● The Pope has a strong influence in Eastern Europe, therefore this region has a pro life and pro
natalist attitude.
● Russia due to its high mortality and low fertility rates,also has a pro natalist population policy.

58. Population reference bureau

59. Source: Wikipedia

60. References
● Geography of population by Dr. R C Chandna, twelfth edition 2016
● Population Reference Bureau
● United Nations
● Data.worldbank.org
● Wikipedia

61. THANK YOU