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1.  

2. Materials formed in one part of the
body have to be taken up to other
parts where they are needed or to be
got rid of.This is an essential
requirement of most animals.This
function is performed by the body
fluids.

3. The functions performed by the
circulatory system in all animals are,
Transport of oxygen and nutrients
like glucose, amino acids, vitamins,
minerals to every cell.

4.  CIRCULATED TROUGHOUT THE BODY

5. CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
CLOSED OPEN

7.  Circulating fluid
 Haematology (haem – blood,
logos – study)
 Fluid connective tissue
 Mesoderm
 Properties of blood:
 Colour: Bright red
 Reaction & ph: slightly alkaline
and ph 7.4
 Salty
 Viscous (5 times)
 Volume: Average size adult 
5 litres of blood (8 % of total
body weight)

11. BLOOD
PLASMA
55%
NUTRIENTS
NITROGENOUS
WASTES
GASES
ENZYMES
HORMONES
INORGANIC
SUBSTANCE
BLOOD
CORPUSCLES
45%
ERYTHROCYTES
LEUCOCYTES
GRANULOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
AGRANULUCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
THROMBOCYTES

12.  Straw coloured
 Slightly alkaline
 90-92% water & 8-10%
solutes (7% Protein)
 Plasma proteins: serum
albumin, serum
globulin, heparin,
fibrinogen &
prothrombin

13.  Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids & glycerol.
 Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, ammonia & creatinine.
 Gases: O2, CO2, N
 Enzymes & hormones
 Inorganic substances: bicarbonates, potassium, calcium,
magnesium etc.
 ANTIBODIES CALLED IMMUNOGLOBULINS

14. ERYTHROCYTES OR
RED BLOOD CELL
LEUCOCYTES OR WHITE
BLOOD CELL
THROMBOCYTES OR
PLATELETS

15.  Gk. Erthros – red, kytos –
cell
 Circular, biconcave, non
nucleated cells
 Diameter: 7 um
 Thickness: 2.5 um
 Red blood cell count:
 Female: 4.3 to 5.2 million
per cubic mm
 Male: 5.1 to 5,8 million
per cubic mm
 Life span  120 days

16.  Erythropoiesis
 In Foetus: liver &
spleen
 Adults: red bone
marrow
 Polycythemia
 Erythrocytopenia

18.  Respiratory pigment:
Haemoglobin
 Transport  O2 & CO2
 NORMAL VALUES OF Hb:
 Adult male: 13-18
gm/100 ml of blood
 Adult female: 11.5-16.5
gm/100 ml of blood
 Anemia

20.  Functions Of RBCs:
1) Transportation of O2 from lungs to
tissues and CO2 from tissues to
lungs
2) Blood ph (Hb  Buffer)
3) Viscosity of blood

21.  Gk. Leukos – white, kytos
– cell
 Colorless, nucleated,
amoeboid & phagocytic.
 Diapedesis
 Size: 8-15 um
 WBC count: 5000 – 9000
per cubic mm of blood
 Life span: 3 - 4 days

23.  Leucopoiesis
 Red bone marrow, spleen,
lymph nodes, tonsils,
thymus & Payer’s
patches.
 Leucocytosis
 Leucopenia
 Pathological increase:
Leukemia (Blood cancer)
 Dead WBCs 
phagocytosis

26. LEUCOCYTES
GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES

27.  Granular cytoplasm
 Lobed nucleus
 Three types:
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils

28.  Cytoplasmic granules
 Dye: Neutral dyes
 Nucleus: 3-5 lobed
 Polymorphonuclear
leucocytes or polymorph
 54-62 %
 Function:
 Phagocytic  Engulf
microorganisms

30.  Cytoplasmic granules
 Dye: Eosin (acidic dye)
 Nucleus: bilobed
 3%
 Non phagocytic
 Increase  allergic
reaction
 Eosinophilia
 Function:
 Anti-histaminic

31.  Cytoplasmic granules
 Dye : Methylene blue
(Basic dye)
 Nucleus: twisted
 0.5%
 Non phagocytic
 Function:
 Heparin (anticoagulant)
 Histamine (involved in
inflammatory & allergic
reaction)

32.  Granules  Absent
 Nucleus  not lobed
 Two types:
1) Lymphocytes
2) monocytes

33.  Nucleus: large round
nucleus
 25-33%
 Function:
 Produce antibodies
 Responsible for immune
response of the body

34.  Largest
 Nucleus: large kidney shaped
 3-9%
 Function:
 Phagocytic
 Infection  macrophages 
engulf microorganisms  cell
debris
 Scavengers

35.  Gk. Thrombos - clot,
kytos- clot
 Non nucleated, round
and biconvex
 Diameter: 2.5 – 5 um
 Platelet count: 2.5 to
4.5 lakhs per cubic mm
of blood
 Life span: 5-10 days

36.  Fragments formed from
large cells 
Megakaryocytes of
bone marrow
 Thrombopoiesis
 Thrombocytosis
 Thrombocytopenia

38.  Function:
 Platelet plug.
 Thromboplastin 
clotting of blood.

39. Blood coagulation
Conversion of liquid blood into semisolid jelly
Bleeding
Blood vessel ruptures
Heparin and anti thrombins
Blood doesn’t clot
Blood vessel

40. Normal clotting time: 2 to 8 mins
Clot
Enmesh platelets, blood cells & plasma
Thrombin  converts  soluble fibrinogen  insoluble fibrin
Converts prothrombin  thrombin
Presence of Ca ions
Helps in formation of Prothrombinase in blood
Thromboplastin
Platelets & injured tissue release

44.  Blood group
 Refer chapter 13.

47.  HEART
o Middle of thoracic cavity
o Space  Mediastinum
o Two lungs
o Hollow, muscular, conical
organ
o Broad base, narrow apex
o Tilted left
o Mesodermal
o 12 cms in length & 9 cms in
breadth
o 250 – 300 grams.

50. PERICARDIUM
o Double layered peritoneum
o Two layers:
1) Fibrous pericardium
2) Serous pericardium
a) Outer parietal layer
b) Inner visceral layer

53.  HEART WALL
 Three layers
1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium

54.  4 chambers
 2 superior  Atria
 2 inferior  ventricles

55.  Transverse groove 
Atrioventricular groove or
coronary sulcus
CORONARY SULCUS

57.  Coronary arteries &
veins

58.  Coronary artery  supply oxygenated blood
 Coronary vein  collect deoxygenated blood
 Coronary veins  Coronary sinus opens in
right atrium
 Note: The coronary sinus is a collection
of veins joined together to form a large
vessel that collects blood from
the heart muscle (myocardium). It
delivers deoxygenated blood to the right
atrium, as do the superior and inferior
vena cavae. It is present in all mammals,
including humans.
 The name comes from the Latin "corona'
, meaning crown, since this vessel forms
a partial circle around the heart.

60.  Right atrium larger than
left
 Right ventricle 
Pulmonary trunk/ aorta
 Left ventricle  Systemic
aorta
 Ligamentum arteriosum
 Remnant of ductus
arteriosus of foetus
PULMONAR
Y TRUNK
AORT
A
LA

61.  The ligamentum arteriosum (Latin: arterial ligament) is a
small ligament that is the remnant of the ductus
arteriosus formed within three weeks after birth.
 In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus, also called
the ductus Botalli, is a blood vessel connecting the
pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. It
allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to
bypass the fetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs.

63.  Four chambered (2 A, 2 V)
 ATRIA
 Superior, thin walled,
receiving chambers
 Interatrial septum
 Deoxygenated blood to
right atrium  SVC, IVC,
Coronary sinus

64.  IVC  Eustachian valve
 Coronary sinus 
Thebesian valve

66.  Fossa ovalis
 Right side  Interatrial
septum
 Remnant of foramen
ovale
 Oval opening (foetus)

68.  Left atrium
 oxygenated blood 
Lungs
 4 openings
 Pulmonary veins

69.  A opens into V
 Atrioventricular aperture  Valves
 R AV aperture  Tricuspid valves
 L AV aperture  Bicuspid valve or
mitral valve

70.  Valves  Chordae tendinae 
papillary muscles of ventricles
 Function of CT:
 Prevent valves turning back
into atria during contraction of
ventricles.

71. CHORDAE TENDINAE

72. PAPILLARY MUSCLE

73.  The chordae tendineae (tendinous chords), or heart
strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary
muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in
theheart.
 Chordae tendinae are approximately 80% collagen,
while the remaining 20% is made up of elastin and
endothelial cells.

74.  VENTRICLES
 Two, inferior, thick,
distributing chambers.
 Interventricular septum
 Thickest wall
 Columnae carnae or
trabeculae carnae

75.  Columnae carneae:
• Muscular ridges or columns projecting from the inner walls of
the heart ventricles.
• Their structure is important to their role. Had the inner surface
of heart ventricles been flat, suction could occur and this
would impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently.
• Word origin: Latin columnae (column) + carneae (flesh)

76.  Pulmonary trunk  right
ventricle  deoxygenated
blood  lungs 
oxygenation
 Systemic aorta  left
ventricle  oxygenated
blood  body
 Semilunar valves = prevents
backflow of blood during
ventricular diastole

77.  Pumping organ
 Rhythmic contraction
(Systole) + Rhythmic
relaxation (Diastole) =
Heart beat
 72 times/min
 5 litres blood per
minute

78. Atrial systole
Impulse  cardiac muscle fibres  atria
Wave of contraction or cardiac impulse
Pacemaker
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Myogenic

79. Internodal pathways
SA node
Receives impulse
Right atrium, near coronary sinus
Atrioventricular node

80. Ventricular systole
AV node  myocardium of ventricles
Wave of contraction
Purkinje fibres
Interventricular septum
Right and left bundle of branches
AV node

81. Events associated with one heart beat.
0.8 seconds
Heart beat = Atrial systole +Ventricular
systole + Joint diastole

82. Backflow  tricuspid valve
Right atrium  right ventricle 
AV aperture
Deoxygenated blood
Atrial systole

83. Atrial systole = 0.1 sec
Backflow  bicuspid valve
Left ventricle  AV aperture
Left atrium
Oxygenated blood

84. oxygenation
Blood to lungs
Pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle
Deoxygenated blood

85. 0.3 sec
Back flow  Semilunar valves.
Carries blood  body
Aorta
Left ventricle
Oxygenated blood

86. SVC + IVC + CORONARY SINUS
Right atrium
Parts of the body
Deoxygenated blood
Relaxation
Atria + ventricle

87. 0.4 secs
Pulmonary veins
Lungs
Oxygenated blood
Left atrium

88.  Auto regulated  Myogenic
 Cardiovascular centre
 Medulla oblongata of brain
 SA node  sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves
 Adrenaline & acetylcholine
 Adrenaline  increases heart
rate
 Acetylcholine  decreases heart
rate
 Sinus arrhythmias

90.  Pulmonary circulation:
RV  LA
 Systemic circulation:
LV  RA

91.  CORONARY
ARTERIES
 Cardiac muscles
 Oxygenated blood
 CORONARY VEINS
(CORONARY SINUS)
 Deoxygenated blood
 Opens into RA

92.  Rhythmic contraction and
relaxation of heart
 Heart beat = 1 systole + 1
diastole
 Heart rate:72 times/min
 Ventricle pumps  70 ml
blood = STROKE VOLUME
 70 X 72 = 5040 ml
 Approx. 5 litres/ min
 Cardiac output
 Tachycardia  over 100
beats/min
 Bradycardia  below 60
beats/min

93.  Pressure wave
 Arteries
 Each ventricular systole
 Felt
 Radial artery
 Pulse rate = heart rate i.e 72/
min
 Higher  children, females,
standing position
 Increases  emotional state
(anger, fear, excitement) &
during exercise

94. SPHYGMOMANOMETER

96.  Systolic blood pressure
 Ventricular systole
 Maximum
 Blood flow in arteries
 120 mm Hg
 Diastolic blood pressure
 Ventricular diastole
 Minimum
 80 mm Hg
 Normal blood pressure ;
120 / 80 mm Hg.

103.  Graphic record =
electrocardiogram or
ECG
 Instrument or ECG
machine =
Electrocardiograph
 Action potentials
 Father of
electrocardiography 
Eithoven (1903)