2. DEFINITION
• INFERTILITY IS DEFINED AS FAILURE TO CONCEIVE
WITHIN ONE OR MORE YEARS OF REGULAR
UNPROTECTED COITUS.
• INFERTILITY IS A DISEASE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM DEFINED BY THE FAILURE TO ACHIEVE A
CLINICAL PREGNANCY AFTER 12TH MONTH OR MORE OF
REGULAR UNPROTECTED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
4. CONTD.
PRIMARY INFERTILITY –
IT DENOTES THOSE PATIENTS WHO HAVE NEVER
CONCEIVED.
SECONDARY INFERTILITY –
IT INDICATES PREVIOUS PREGNANCY BUT
FAILURE TO CONCEIVE AFTERWARDS.
5. INCIDENCE
• MALE - 35%
• FEMALE - 35%
• BOTH - 20%
• UNKNOWN - 10%
• THIS PROBLEM AFFECTS 1 IN 7 COUPLES.
9. CONTD.
2. OBSTRUCTION OF THE EFFERENT DUCT
SYSTEM :
IT CAN BE OF TWO TYPES -
A. CONGENITAL = IT CAN BE DUE TO ABSENCE OF
VAS DEFERENS.
B. ACQUIRED = IT CAN BE DUE TO INFECTION
- TUBERCULOSIS
- GONORRHEA
- SURGICAL TRAUMA
10. CONTD.
3. FAILURE TO DEPOSIT
SPERM HIGH IN THE
VAGINA –
IMPOTENCY
EJACULATORY FAILURE
HYPOSPADIASIS
BLADDER NECK SURGERY
PSYCHOSEXUAL
11. CONTD.
4. ERRORS IN THE SEMINAL FLUIDS –
ASPERMIA/ AZOOSPERMIA (FAILURE TO PRODUCE SEMEN
OR ABSENCE OF SPERM IN SEMEN)
OLIGOSPERMIA/ OLIGOZOOSPERMIA (FEW SPERM IN
SEMEN)
ASTHENOSPERMIA (REDUCED SPERM MOTILITY)
NECROZOOSPERMIA (DEAD SPERM )
TERATOZOOSPERMIA (SPERM WITH ABNORMAL
MORPHOLOGY)
POLYZOOSPERMIA (SPERM COUNTS >250 MILLION/ML)
13. CONTD.
1.OVARIAN FACTORS –
ANOVULATION / OLIGO-OVULATION (LACK OR
ABSENCE OF OVULATION)
LUTEINIZED UNRUPTURED FOLLICLE (LUF) –
INADEQUATE GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF
CORPUS LUTEUM.
16. CONTD.
6. CERVICAL FACTORS –
CONGENITAL ELONGATION OF CERVIX
SECOND DEGREE UTERINE PROLAPSE
COMBINED FACTORS
IT MAY INCLUDE BOTH MALE AND FEMALE FACTORS.
17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
IN MALE –
CHANGES IN HAIR GROWTH
CHANGES IN SEXUAL DESIRE
PAIN OR SWELLING IN THE TESTICLES
SMALL, FIRM TESTICLES
PROBLEM WITH SEXUAL FUNCTION
DIFFICULTY WITH EJACULATION
HAVING A LOW SPERM COUNT
18. CONTD.
IN FEMALE –
ABNORMAL PERIODS
IRREGULAR PERIODS
NO PERIODS
PAINFUL PERIODS
SKIN CHANGE INCLUDING MORE ACNE
CHANGES IN SEX DESIRE
DARK HAIR GROWTH ON THE LIPS, CHEST, AND CHIN
WEIGHT GAIN
PAIN DURING SEX
19. RISK FACTORS
FOR ALL GENDERS
OVER AGE (35 FOR FEMALE OR 40 FOR MEN)
SMOKING
OVER WEIGHT
OVER EXERCISE
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
MENTAL STRESS
DIABETES
EATING DISORDER (ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA)
EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL USE
RADIATION THERAPY OR OTHER CANCER TREATMENTS
20. DIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURES
IN MALES –
1.HISTORY –
o AGE OF MARRIAGE, DURATION
o MEDICAL HISTORY (ANY D/S)
o SURGICAL HISTORY (ANY GENITAL TRACT SURGERY, TESTICULAR
SURGERY)
o OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY (EXPOSURE TO RADIATION, EXCESSIVE HEAT)
o SMOKING AND ALCOHOL
o SEXUAL HISTORY (FREQUENCY, IMPOTENCY, LACK OF SATISFACTION)
21. CONTD.
2. EXAMINATION –
A. INSPECTION = WHOLE GENITAL AREA
B. PALPATION = TESTIS, GENITAL AREA,
TESTICULAR VOLUME IS CHECKED WITH
THE HELP OF ORCHIDOMETER.
22. CONTD.
3. GENERAL INVESTIGATION –
A. SEMEN ANALYSIS
• SPERM VOLUME
• SPERM COUNT
• PH-7.2 TO 7.8
• SPERM CONCENTRATION
• SPERM MOTILITY
23. CONTD.
B. HORMONAL STUDIES OR SPECIAL
INVESTIGATION
C. IN-DEPTH EVALUATION –
• SERUM FSH
• SERUM LH
• TESTOSTERONE
• TSH
• PROLACTIN LEVELS
• TESTICULAR BIOPSY
high
Defect in
testis
24. CONTD.
IN FEMALE –
1.HISTORY –
o PREVIOUS INFERTILITY
o MEDICAL HISTORY
o SURGICAL HISTORY
o MENSTRUAL HISTORY
o PREVIOUS OBSTETRIC HISTORY
o USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES
o SEXUAL HISTORY
25. CONTD.
2. EXAMINATION –
A. GENERAL EXAMINATION –
OBESITY
OVER WEIGHT
UNDERWEIGHT
ABNORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF HAIR (AXILLARY AND PUBIC)
DECREASED SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
26. CONTD.
B. SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION – TO DETECT –
HYPERTENSION
ORGANIC HEART DISEASE
RENAL PROBLEM
ENDOCRINOPATHIES ( DISEASE OF ENDOCRINE GLAND)
27. CONTD.
C. GYNECOLOGICAL EXAMINATION –
EVIDENCE OF VAGINAL INFECTION
ADEQUACY OF HYMENAL EXAMINATION
CERVICAL TEAR OR CHRONIC INFECTION
UNDUE ELONGATION OF CERVIX
UTERINE SIZE, AND POSITION
29. TREATMENT
IN MALE –
A. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT –
• IF THE INFERTILITY IS DUE TO HYPOGONADOTROPHIN – HYPOGONADISM
- TAB. CLOMIPHENE CITRATE = 25-50 MG ORALLY DAILY FOR 25 DAYS WITH
REST FOR 5 DAYS INTO 3 CYCLE. IT HELPS TO INCREASE THE SERUM LEVEL OF
FSH, LH AND TESTOSTERONE.
- INJ. HCG(HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ) = 5000 IU, I/M ( ONCE OR
TWICE A WEEK). IT WILL STIMULATE THE ENDOGENOUS (INTERNAL)
TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION.
- INJ. HMG(HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN) = USED IN FAILED
CLOMIPHENE CITRATE CONDITION.
- TAB. TESTOSTERONE = 100-160 MG ORALLY DAILY FOR 3-4 MONTHS. IT
HELPS IN INCREASING THE SPERM COUNT.
30. CONTD.
• GTI = ANTIBIOTICS (DOXYCYCLINE, ERYTHROMYCIN) FOR 4-6 WEEKS.
• HYPOTHALAMIC DYSFUNCTION = GNRH THERAPY IS GIVEN
• TERATOSPERMIA OR ASTHENOSPERMIA = NO TREATMENT,
ONLY DONOR INSEMINATION IS AVAILABLE.
• EJACULATORY PROBLEMS = PHENYLEPHRINE IS USED . IT
IMPROVES THE TONE OF INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER AND THE
MUSCLES .
31. CONTD.
B. SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT –
• OBSTRUCTION IN VAS =
VASOEPIDIDYMOSTOMY OR
VASOVASOSTOMY IS DONE.
• VARICOCELE = CORRECTED BY
HIGH LIGATION OF SPERMATIC
VEIN.
• HYDROCELE = CORRECTED BY
THE SURGERY
• UNDESCENDED TESTIS =
ORCHIDOPEXY AT THE AGE OF 2-3
YRS.
32. CONTD.
C. NURSING MANAGEMENT –
• IMPROVE THE GENERAL HEALTH OF THE PATIENT.
• REDUCE WEIGHT, IF THE PERSON IS OBESE.
• TELL TO AVOID HEAVY SMOKING AND ALCOHOL.
• TO AVOID TIGHT AND WARM UNDERGARMENTS.
• ENCOURAGE THE PT. TO TAKE COLD SCROTAL BATH AT LEAST
TWICE A DAY FOR 5 MIN.
• TO TAKE VITAMIN E, C, B12 AND FOLIC ACID AS THEY IMPROVE
SPERMATOGENESIS.
• GIVE THE PT. PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT
• ADVICE AND TEACH THE COUPLE ABOUT THE PROPER TECHNIQUE
OF INTERCOURSE.
33. CONTD.
IN FEMALE –
A. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT –
• IF THE INFERTILITY IS DUE TO OVULATORY DISORDERS, THEN –
- T. CLOMIPHENE CITRATE
- INJ. HMG
• HYPOTHALAMIC DISORDER/AMENORRHEA/HYPOGONADOTROPHIN/
HYPOGONADISM –
- GNRH THERAPY IS GIVEN
• DEFECTIVE FOLLICULOGENESIS –
- INJ. HCG 5000IU: 10000IU I/M IS GIVEN
- VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES100MG TDS
- HYPERPROLACTINEMIA – BROMOCRIPTINE THERAPY MAY GIVEN.
34. CONTD.
B. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT –
• TUBOPLASTY – TO REPAIR THE TUBES
• SALPINGOSTOMY – CREATION OF AN OPENING
INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
• ADHESIOLYSIS(SALPINGO-OVARIO-LYSIS)
PROCEDURE PERFORMED TO BREAK UP AND
REMOVE ADHESIONS.
• TUBOTUBAL ANASTOMOSIS – WHEN THE
SEGMENT OF THE TUBE IS DISEASED.
• TUBAL CORNUAL ANASTOMOSIS – IN CASE OF
CORNUAL BLOCK.
• CANNULIZATION OF THE TUBE – IN CASE OF
TUBAL OBSTRUCTION
• MYOMECTOMY – SURGICAL REMOVAL OF
UTERINE FIBROIDS.
35. SUMMARY
• INFERTILITY IS A SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL AND MEDICAL
PROBLEM AFFECTING COUPLES WORLDWIDE.
• FEMALE AND MALE FACTORS ARE EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE .
• EVOLUTION OF BOTH PARTNERS IS ESSENTIAL .
• TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE CAUSE OF INFERTILITY AND
VARIES FROM OVULATION- INDUCING DRUGS TO SURGERY
TO ART.
36. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• D. C. DUTTA, TEXTBOOK OF GYNECOLOGY,
NEW CENTRAL BOOK AGENCY (P) LTD
EDITION 5TH
PAGE NO. 220-234
• DR. SHALLY MAGON – SANJU SIRA
TEXTBOOK OF MIDWIFERY AND OBSTETRICS
LOTUS PUBLISHERS,
EDITION 4TH,
PAGE NO 875-882