Stem cell technology

1. INTRODUCTION OF STEM
CELL TECHNOLOGY
Hariom Yadav1, Shalini Jain1 and Mukesh Yadav2
1nimal Biochemistry Division,
National Dairy Research Institute,
Karnal-132001, Haryana, INDIA
2SOS in Chemistry, Jiwaji University,
Gwalior-474011, M.P., INDIA
Corresponding author: Email: yadavhariom@gmail.com

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Importance of Stem Cell Research

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1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human
embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making
cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for
embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
International creates $20 million fund-raising effort
to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos
using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
Stem Cell History

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Stem Cell – Definition
• A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and differentiate
(develop) into various other kind(s) of
cells/tissues

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Stem Cell Characteristics
 ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)
 Capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods of time
(proliferation and renewal)
 Have the potential to give rise to
specialized cell types (differentiation)

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Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type Description Examples
Totipotent
Each cell can develop
into a new individual
Cells from early
(1-3 days)
embryos
Pluripotent
Cells can form any (over
200) cell types
Some cells of
blastocyst (5 to 14
days)
Multipotent
Cells differentiated, but
can form a number of
other tissues
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, and adult
stem cells

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Stem Cell Differentiation
Princeton University

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Kinds of Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells come from a five to six-day-old embryo. They
have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human
body.
Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or
foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or
differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on current
research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce
different cell types and to self-renew.

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Blastocyst Diagram
Princeton University

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Sexual Reproduction
The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

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Stages of Embryogenesis
Day 1
Fertilized egg
Day 2
2-cell embryo Day 3-4
Multi-cell embryo
Day 5-6
Blastocyst
Day 11-14
Tissue Differentiation

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Derivation and Use of
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Isolate inner cell mass
(destroys embryo)
Heart muscle
Kidney
“Special sauce”
(largely unknown)
Day 5-6
Blastocyst
Inner cells
(forms fetus)
Outer cells
(forms placenta)
Heart
repaired
Culture cells

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Embryonic stem cells

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Adult stem cells

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Applications
 Disease
• Diabetes, Spinal
cord injury,
Parkinson’s
disease, heart
disease
 Genetic based
Disease
• Cystic fibrosis,
Huntington’s

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Unknowns in Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• It is uncertain that human
embryonic stem cells in vitro can
give rise to all the different cell
types of the adult body.
• It is unknown if stem cells cultured
in vitro (apart from the embryo)
will function as the cells do when
they are part of the developing
embryo

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Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Stem cells need to be
differentiated to the
appropriate cell type(s)
before they can be used
clinically.
• Recently, abnormalities in
chromosome number and
structure were found in
three human ESC lines.

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Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Stem cell development or proliferation
must be controlled once placed into
patients.
• Possibility of rejection of stem cell
transplants as foreign tissues is very high.

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Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and Mycoplasma possible.
• The use of mouse “feeder” cells to grow
ESC could result in problems due to
xenotransplantation (complicating FDA
requirements for clinical use).

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Stem cell and cloning
Immune rejection
Somatic cell nuclear transfer

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(Time 2.19.01)
Thanks