including applications of plant tissue culture in crop improvement and plant secondry metabolites

1. ASSIGNMENT OF PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Applications of plant tissue culture in
crop improvement
plant secondary metabolities

2. Applications of P.T.C in crop
improvement
Improved nutritional quality
a) Golden rice-
• 124 billion children are deficient in vitamin A ,
which leads to death .
• B carotene is precursor to vitamin A and
consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A
deficiency so With help of plant tissue culture
they develpd golden rice.
• . It is of light yellow color .
• it contains 1.6 mg/g of carotenoid .

3. Cont.
• . in 2005 new transgenic lines were developd
that dramatically increased the amount of
carotenoid making rice deep gold color .so the
latest form contain 37mg/g of carotenoid of
which 84% is b- carotene –trial.

4. b) Rainbow cauliflower-
• Produced by traditional breeding – no transgenic
• The orange cauliflower has the higher b-
carotene level that encourages healthy skin
• Purple colour cauliflower comes from
anthocyanin which prevent heart disease by
slowing blood clotting.
• Tests in america were conducted on orange
cauliflowers and found that they contain 25
times more beta- carotene than normal
cauliflower.

5. Rainbow cauliflower

6. Insect resistant plants
• Bt gene of bacterium bacillus thuringiensis has
found to encode endotoxin which pose cidal
effect on Isect pests. And the insect is killed
basically.
• The toxin effect specific group of insect except
the silkworm, butterflies etc, so using biotech
approaches many transgenic plants with cry gene
have been developed.
• . Example- brinjal , cauliflower ,cabbage ,corn ,
maize etc.

7. Herbicide resistant plants
• So basically it means the plants that can
tolerate herbicides .
• The herbicides disturb the metabolic activity
of photosynthesis or synthesis of amino acid .
• For the develpmnt of herbicide resistant
plants 2 main strategies are applied
-modification of the target molecules which may
be insensitive to herbicides
-degradation of herbicides

8. Cont.
• Attempts have been made to develp protection agains 3 herbicides
• -glyphosate
• -Sulphonylurea
• -imidazolinoles
• A herbicide resistant gene for EPSPS was isolated from plants and
transfferd to petunia and transgenic petunia was develpd.
• Transgenic tomato was develpd by introducing a mutant ALS gene
of tobacco .
• A gene resistant to PPT(herbicide phosphinothricin) was isolated
from medicago sativa inhibits GS involved in ammonia assimilation .
• Incorporated into tobacco and thus tobacco is dvlp with PPT
RESISTANT.

9. Virus resistant plants
• Plant virus yield several losses in economically
plants
• Two main approches for developing genetically
resistant plants
-PDR ( pathogen derived resistance)
- NON-PDR
• Roger beachy and co workers first introduced
coat protein (cp)of TMV in tobacco
• In many crops , virus resistance have been
achievd through intoducing Cp

10. Salt tolerance
• A large fraction of world irrigated land is salty
so most imp crop cant be grown there.
• Researchers created transgenic tomato that
grew well in salty lands
• The transgene introduced was sodium/proton
antiport pump that sequestered excess
sodium in vacuole of leaf cells.

11. Delayed ripening
• Antisense tech is used to produce flavr-savr
tomato
• Enzyme polygalacturonase breaks down
polysaccride pectin in wall of plant
• This is part of naturl decay in process of plant
• Monsanto identified the gene than encoded
the enzymes and made another gene that
blockd the production of such enzyme.

12. Pharmaceutical production in plants
• Genetically modified plants have used as
bioreactors to produce therapeutic proteins
which lead to production of edible vaccines.
• Edible vaccines are vaccines produced in plants
that can administrated directly through the
ingestion of plant material containing vaccine.
• Eating the plant proved immunity against
diseases
• The first vaccine produced was from potato
against toxin from bateria E.COLI.

13. Molecular farming
• Plant seeds may a potential source for plastics.
• A types of PHA{ polyhydroxylalkanoate}
polymer is produced in arabidopsis or mustard
plant
• A polymer called PHBV produced through
alicaligenes fermentation which is sold under
name biopol

14. Plant secondary metabolites
Plant secondary metabolites are chemical
compounds that are produced by plant cell
through metabolic pathways . These are the
compounds produced by bacteria, fungi,
plants which are not directly involved in
normal growth ,devlpment or reproduction of
organism .they are able to protect plants from
pathogens.they are classified according to
their structures.

15. Types
• Alkaloids
• Phenolics
• Terpenes
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• saponins

16. Alkaloids
• Alkaloids are organic compounds with at least one
nitrogen atom in heterocyclic ring .
• Plants containing alkaloids have been used by man for
many years as medicines,teas and potion
• The are unevenly distributed among angiosperms.
• Most of them are derived from amino acids.
• The are bitter in taste
• Some are used as insecticides.
• 3 types of alkaloids – true, proto. Pseudo
• Examples- necotine, quinine etc

17. Phenolics
• They constitute the largest group of plant secondray
metabolites
• The contain phenol groups as most common
chracteristics
• They are widespead in plants where they contribute to
colour, taste , flavour of many herbs , drinks .
• The have anti-inflammtory activities
• Many of them are effective antioxidant and free radical
scavengers.
• Types- simple phenolics, tannins,
flavonoids,coumarines, lignans.

18. Terpenes
• The are genrally polymers of 5 – carbon unit called isoprene.
• Terpenes are highly aromatic compounds that determine the smell
of many plants and herbs, such as rosemary and lavender, as well as
some animals.
• Manufacturers use isolated terpenes to create the flavors and
scents of many everyday products, such as perfumes, body
products, and even foods.
• Terpenes play a vital role in plants. In some plants, terpenes attract
pollinators, while in other plants, they cause a strong reaction to
repel predators, such as insects or foraging animals.
• Some terpenes play a protective role in the plant, helping the plant
to recover from damage; others act as a part of the plant’s immune
system to keep away infectious germs.

19. Lipids
Lipids comprise a group of naturally occurring
molecules that include fixed oils, waxes,
essential oils, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins
(such as vitamins A, D, E and K), phospholipids
and others. Lipids serve various biological
actions as major structural components of all
biological membranes and as energy
reservoirs and fuel for cellular activities in
addition to being vitamins and hormones .

20. Exmples of lipids
• Fixed oils
• Fixed oils constitute of high molecular aliphatic long-chain fatty acids, such
as palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, esterified with glycerol. Fixed oils
contain a relatively higher percentage of liquid glycerides
(polyunsaturated) such as glycerin oleate .
• Waxes
• Waxes are lipoidal matter constituting mainly from long aliphatic chains
that may contain one or more functional groups. They may contain
hydroxyl groups as in the case of primary and secondary long-chain
alcohols that are frequently present in the form of esters. Others contain
unsaturated bonds, aromatic systems, amide, ketonic, aldehydic or
carboxylic functional groups. On the other hand, synthetic waxes
constitute of long-chain hydrocarbons (alkanes or paraffins) that lack
functional groups. They are similar to the fixed oils and fats since they are
esters of fatty acids, but with the difference that the alcohol is not
glycerin.

21. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are universally present in living beings on our planet. As the first
product of photosynthesis, carbohydrates are the starting point for all
phytochemicals and also, by extension, for all animal biochemicals
• More carbohydrates occur in nature than any other type of natural compound. The
most abundant single organic substance on Earth is cellulose, a polymer of
glucose, which is the main structural material of plants.
• Although carbohydrates are primary metabolites, they are incorporated in plenty
of secondary metabolites through glycosidation linkages.
• Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the last two elements
usually present in the same proportions as in water. They are classified into four
chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and
polysaccharidescarbohydrates in plants.
• some members show medicinal effects such as mucilage. Mucilage, viscous sticky
material produced by almost all plants and some microorganisms, plays a
protective role in thickening membranes in plants. It also serves in storage of
water and food and in seed germination.

22. Saponins
• Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + “-in", one of), also referred to selectively
as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived
organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water.
• They are widely distributed but found particularly in soapwort
(genus Saponaria), a flowering plant, and the soapbark tree (Quillaja
saponaria).
• They are used in soaps, medicinals, fire extinguishers, speciously as
dietary supplements, for synthesis of steroids, and in carbonated
beverages (the head on a mug of root beer).
• Structurally, they are glycosides, sugars attached to another organic
molecule, usually a steroid or triterpene, a steroid building block
• . Saponins are both water and fat soluble, which gives them their useful
soap properties.
• Some examples of these chemicals are glycyrrhizin, licorice flavoring;
quillaia(alt. quillaja), a bark extract used in beverages; and squalene, a
biological precursor to cholesterol that has been used as a vaccines.