1. AFFORD MANAGEMENT & SERVICES SDN BHD.
NO. 32, JALAN ASTAKA 4B/KU2, BANDAR BUKIT
RAJA, 41050 KLANG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
Email: afford.ms.sb@affordmanagement.my
Biology & Ecology of
Stored Product Pests
2. Introduction
Overview
Economic Importance
• Damages & loses
Review of Stored Product
Insect
Stored Product Beetle
& Moth
Managing Stored Product
Pest
Nonchemical &
Chemical treatment
• Types of treatment
• Alternative treatment
Common Stored
Product Insect
• Worldwide scenario
Biology & Morphology
• Life cycle and ecology
5. Introduction
• 80% of human food comes from grains
• Grain and processed food losses associated with pest
infestation include direct losses consumption and
contamination of grains
• Grain and processed food losses associated with pest
infestation include direct losses consumption and
contamination of grains
FOOD
6. Introduction
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
• World crop losses top pest estimated to be about
35%, with 12% of this loss associated with insect
• When post-harvest losses are added to pre-harvest
losses, total food losses due to pests estimated to
be high at 48%
7. Introduction
INDIRECT LOSSES
•The indirect losses from infestations include application
and control costs, shutdown time, safety equipment costs,
and loss of consumer confidence and brand acceptance
•Improper care of grain and food products will usually result
in insect infestation and subsequent damage or lost
•This loss is not merely in terms of quantity but also in
terms of quality of food grains
8. Introduction
INADEQUATE SANITATION
•The presence of stored product insects is an indicator
•of inadequate sanitation
•Consumption of food infesting arthropods does not
cause significance health problem
9. Indirect losses
• The indirect losses from infestations include
application and control costs, shutdown time, safety
equipment costs, and loss of consumer confidence and
brand acceptance
• Improper care of grain and food products will usually
result in insect infestation and subsequent damage or
lost
• This loss is not merely in terms of quantity but also in
terms
• of quality of food grains
• The presence of stored product insects is an
indicator
of inadequate sanitation
• Consumption of food infesting arthropods does not
cause significance health problem
Inadequate sanitation
Introduction
FOOD
• 80% of human food comes from grains
• Grain and processed food losses associated with pest
infestation include direct losses consumption and
contamination of grains
• Grain and processed food losses associated with pest
infestation include direct losses consumption and
contamination of grains
Economic Importance
• World crop losses top pest estimated to be about 35%,
with
• 12% of this loss associated with insect
• When post-harvest losses are added to pre-harvest
losses, total food losses due to pests estimated to be
high at 48%
11. Stored Product Insect
Why so problematic??
Limited food in
protected environment
•Abundance and easily breed
12. Stored Product Insect
Why so problematic??
Small in size
(hard to detect)
•Morphology characteristics
•Easy to move around and
transport accidently
13. Stored Product Insect
Why so problematic??
Tolerate wide range
Environment
• Can survive in harsh
environment
14. Stored Product Insect
Why so problematic??
Long lived
• Can survive without food and
water for extended period.
15. Stored Product Insect
Why so problematic??
Export & Import
•Movement of grains
•Introduction of invasive species
•Accidently introduce insect pest to
different country
18. Stored Product Insect
Why so problematic??
Long lived
• Can survive without food and
water for extended period.
Limited food in protected environment
• Abundance and easily breed
Small in size (hard to detect)
• Morphology characteristics
• Easy to move around and
transport accidently
Contaminate product
• Lower inspection grade, salability
Export & Import
• Movement of grains
• Introduction of invasive species
• Accidently introduce insect pest
to different country
Tolerate wide range
Environment
• Can survive in harsh environment
22. Three group of insect can infest
stored pest
- Based on type of feeding
1.Internal feeder
2.External feeder
3.Scavengers
4.Secondary pests
Group of insect that
infested food products
such as grains, cereals
etc. which stored in
cupboard and close
closet, warehouse, food
processing facilities
Review of Stored Product
Insect/Pest
23. 1.Internal feeder
•Develop as larvae within kernel or whole
grain
•Primarily found infesting
whole grains or legums
rather than process grains
•Prime evidence of attack by
primary pests is presence of
single or multiple exit hole
•e.g rice weevil, granny weevil, Angoumois
grain moth.
Review of Stored Product
Insect/Pest
24. 2. External feeder
•Develop outside whole grain kernels
but are
capable of feeding on both whole
grains and processed grains
•These feeders will often attack only
a portion of the grain
Review of Stored Product
Insect/Pest
25. 3. Scavengers
•Only attack grains that have been
processed or damaged by the feeding of
other grain insects
•Feed on fine bits of grain or grain dust
and flour
•Example-flour beetle, the sawtooth and
merchant grain beetle
Review of Stored Product
Insect/Pest
26. 4. Secondary pests
•Infest grain products that are out of
conditions or moldy (fungus feeder)
•The food sources have been neglected
and abandoned, spillage in machinery
etc
•Example-mealworm beetles, fungus
beetle
Review of Stored Product
Insect/Pest
46. Distribution
• World-wide
• Most destructive pest of stored grain
Wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice,
and maize
Host
Damage
Both adult & larvae
Symptoms
• Adults attack whole grain
• Both adults and grubs feed inside
grains, leaving large cavities and
emergence holes.
• The adults also attack damaged grains.
Rice
Weevil
Sitophilus oryzae (L.)
Internal feeders
• Control
• Start with locating
the source
• Smallinfestation
canbe done using
space treatment of
3% pyrethrins or
other contact
insecticide
• Some residual
insecticide on crack
crevices & spot
treatment, e.g
cyfluthrin
• In bulk storage,
fumigation is the
standard control
• R
eported as the
most important
grain pest worldwide
47. • Originated from India
• Tropicalarea
• India, Algeria, Greece, United
States, New South Wales
(Australia), Japan, China
Distribution
Host
Paddy, rice, wheat, maize.
Damage
• Both adult & larvae
• Larvae develops within seed,
so injury is difficult to assess
• Adults can eatinto wood and
paper boxes
Symptoms
• Both adults and grubs bore the grains and
feed voraciously
• Severe infestation leads to only leave with
frays
• Can easily hide in the cracks and underneath
damage flour
Lesser grain borers
Rhyzopertha
dominica(F.)
Internal Feeder
• Control
• Insect can be
destroyed using
extreme
temperatures
• Fumigation is the
ideal method if
infestation severe
• Space treatments
will control small
infestation only
with repeated
application to
contact insect that
were not exposed
to earlier
treatment
• Some residual
treatment crack &
crevices or spot
treatment on
nonfood surface
48. Distribution
• Tropical and subtropical countries mainly
found in hot and dry region
• It prefers lower humidity and higher
temperature
paddy, jowar, wheat, maize, oilseeds and
pulses. Even wide range of stored
products, packaged goods and handling
facilities can also be affected
Host
Damage
• Grubs are the voracious feeders
• Adults are mainly involved in breeding
• Its habit of congregation in crack and
crevices of bricks, masonry and wood
storage has given the name “
khapra”
Symptoms
• Grubs are the damaging stage and feed on
the germ portion by scratching even they
finish entire grain.
• The exuviate was contaminating the grain
maximum, with slight winnowing in handful of
grains can give an idea about grub’s presence
Khapra beetle
Trogoderma
granarium
External feeders
Dermestid B
eetle:
Khapra B
eetle:
T
rogodermagranarium
Everts –External feeders
• Control
• Fumigationisthe ideal
method if infestationsevere
• Usinglower dosage of
fumigantsaswell as a
variety of residual dusts,
liquid applicationsand
contact insecticides
• T
rogodermabeetlesare
more difficult to control with
extreme temperaturesthan
other stored pests
49. Saw toothed grain
beetle
Oryzaephilus
surinamensis
Distribution
• Worldwide
• Associated with starchy food and found in
warm places
• Can be found in paddy field
• The most destructive pest of stored grain
Host
Wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice,
and maize
Damage
• Both the adult and larva (grub)
• Larvae feed on endosperm of
broken grains or starchy food
• Secondary pests,generally they
found in the damaged grain
Symptoms
• The adults attack whole grains
• Both adults and grubs feed inside grains,
leaving large cavities and emergence holes
• The adults also attack damaged grains
Grain and Flour Beetles
Saw T
oothed Grain
Beetle: Oryzaephilus
surinamensis-
Scavengers
• Control
• Athorough
inspection is needed
to determined the
infestation
• Spilled food and
grain canbe source
of infestation
• R
esidual insecticides
canbe used as
crack and crevice
or spot treatments
against exposed
stages in empty
storage areas to
prevent infestation
of new food
product
50. Distribution
• Cosmopolitan
• More common in warmer regions
• This pest occurs in temperate areas,
where it survives winters in protected
places,especially with central heating
Host
Wheat-flour, dry fruits, pulses
and prepared cereal foods,
such as cornflakes.
Damage
• Both the adult and larva
(grub) on broken grains
• It usually feed on broken
grains and results in dust
formation)
Symptoms
• Adults and larvae feed mainly on the
germ of the cereal.
Red flour beetle
Tribolium
castaneum
Scavengers
Red Flour B
eetle: T
ribolium
castaneum(Herbst)-
Scavengers
• Control
• The shelvescan be
treated with residual
insecticide in cracks
along the back edge
• P
oor storage and
cleaning practices
contribute top
infestation
• Area with spilled food
should be immediately
clean up
• Can be controlled with
extreme heat
51. Distribution
• Originally of African origin, has a different
distribution in that it occurs worldwide in
cooler climates.
flour, cereals, meal, crackers,
beans, spices, pasta, cake mix,
dried pet food, dried
flowers, chocolate, nuts, seeds
Host
Damage
• Both the adult and larva (grub)
Symptoms
• Adults and larvae feed mainly on the germ
of the
Confused flour
beetle
Tribolium
confusum
Scavengers
Confused Flour Beetle:
T
riboliumConfusum
-
Scavengers
• Control
• The shelves can be treated
with residual insecticide in
cracksalong the back
edge
• P
oor storage and cleaning
practicescontribute top
infestation
• Area with spilled food
should be immediately
clean up
• Can be controlled with
extreme heat
52. Distribution
• Cosmopolitan but prefers warm
environment
• Pantry pest
• Nuisance pest
Host
A wide range of commodities, but
prefers to feed on cigarettes, chesools
and chewing tobacco, chocolate, spices
Damage
• Both grubs and adults
Symptoms
• Presence of circular pinhead sized holes on
processed tobacco.
• The grubs are tunneling inside the cigarettes
and after transforming to adults they exit
leaving hole on commodities
Cigarette Beetle
Lasioderma
serricorne
External feeders
MISCELLANEOU
S BEETLES
Cigarette B
eetle:
Lasioderm
a serricorne
(F
.)- External feeders
• Control
• Non-chemical methods are
effective against cigarette
beetles
• Finding and discarding
infesting material
• General fumigation should
be successful if good
sanitation is maintained
• Fumigation with a
combination of heat ,
phosphine, and carbon
dioxide shows great
promise against the pest
53. Distribution
• Cosmopolitan
• It is distributed in tropical,sub tropical and
temperate region
• More temperate than tropical
• Primary pest of turmeric, ginger, pepper,
coriander seeds, cumin etc
Host
A wide range of commodities, but prefers
to feed on cigarettes, chesools and
chewing tobacco, chocolate, spices
Damage
• Both grubs and adults
• Infestation of drugstore beetles is
similar to thatof cigarette beetles
• The exit hole of adult beetles appeared
as shot like holes in infested products.
• These are also associated as an
obligation symbiotic with fungus and
are transferring from generations
• The adults are active and can be seen
flying or moving in the commodities
Symptoms
Drug store
beetle
Stegobium paniceum
External feeders
DRUG STOREBEETLE
Stegobiumpaniceum
(Linnaeus)- External
feeder
• Control
• Finding and discarding
infesting material
• Extreme temperature
• General fumigation
should be successful if
good sanitation is
maintained
• Spacetreatment with
contact insecticideshave
been useful where the
source of infestation
can’t be found
• Attract to light and fly
readily when
temperature above
180C
54. Angoumois
grain moth
Sitotroga
cerealella
• Cosmopolitan
• More abundant in warmer regions
Distribution Host
Regarded as most destructive internal
feeder mainly attacking paddy, maize,
sorghum etc. & before harvest also
• Larvae,only whole cereals are
attacked
• Greatestdamage occurs in the upper
layer grains in storage
• Early infestation hard to detect due to
small hole made by young
Damage
Symptoms
• Early infestation is difficult to detect because hole
made by young insect is so small
• Larva enters and its way in the grain, the turns about
and spins a silken wets over the opening by which it
entered thatit is difficult to locate
• The appearance of moths in the stores and round
holes in grains/heating of grains is first indication.
• Control
• Can reproduce only in whole grain
or in cracked material
• The key to control is to locate and
remove the infested material
• Aspace treatment may then be
used to control any remaining
adult moths
• In grain storage, proper storage
practicesare critical to preventing
infestations of this insect
• Clean grain that isnot infested
can be protected by treatment
with one of the appropriately
labeled grain-protected
insecticides
• Extreme temperature
• General fumigation should be
successful if good sanitation is
maintained for large quantities
infested grain
55. Rice moth
Corcyra
cephalonca
Distribution
• The rice moth is distributed in Asia,Africa,North
America and Europe
• More abundant in warmer regions
• In the larval stage, it is an important stored-grain
pest
• Distributed well in all rice growing areas.
Host
Paddy, rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millet,
dried stored product.
Damage
• Larvae
• Infestations cause a bad smell
Symptoms
• Larvae cause the damage by webbing together
grains and forming lump and feed from inside it
• Larvae leave a lot of webbing in the grains before
pupation,causing excessive lumping,which
• reduces marketing quality of the grains A peak of
flight activity at dusk
• The larvae crawl over the stored food and in the last
• instar construct cocoons that may be found within
the stored food
• Control
• Can reproduce only in whole grain or in
cracked material
• The key to control isto locate and remove
the infested material
• A space treatment may then be used to
control any remaining adult moths
• Ingrain storage, proper storage
practicesare critical to preventing
infestationsof thisinsect
• Clean grain that is not infested can be
protected by treatment with one of the
appropriately labeled grain-protected
insecticides
• E
xtreme temperature
• General fumigation should be successful if
good sanitation ismaintained for large
quantities infested grain
56. Indian meal
moth
Distribution
• A native to America, but now a cosmopolitan
species
• Adapted to wide range of climates around the
world
• Known as Pantry Moth
Host
• Pest with a wide host range
• Wider host range includes stored grains
and pulses, dried fruits and nuts, dried
vegetables and processed foods.
• Larvae
• Infestations cause a bad smell
• Directly feeding on grain
• Producing silken tunnels
• Contaminating grain with
• excreta
Damage
• Larvae creates more severe problem by feeding
and contaminating produce through faeces
• Larvae feed by webbing.
• The webbing may also cause condensation
which leads to damaging mold reduces
• Crawling caterpillars completely web over the
surface of heap of grains with silken threads
• The adults fly from one bin to another and
spread the infestation
Symptoms
Plodiainterpunctella
• Control
• The key to successagainst
this pest isidentifying all
of theinfestedfood
sources
• Surfacefeeder and is
rarely found deep within
infested grain unlessthe
grain was turned after
infestation started
• Several biological method
using bacteriumBacillus
thuringiensis can be mixed
into the top few inchesof
the grain
• Some natural control
occurs whenparasite
knownBaracon hebetor
(say) isabundant.
• Malathion not effective
due to resistance
• P
eriodic space treatments
are commonly used in
warehousing and food
processing operations to
knock downIndian Meal
Moth
• IGRsuch ashydroprene
can also reduce
population after
fumigations or periodic
space treatment
57. Placement
• The placement of product is
very important
• Attract secondary pest and
scavenger
• Proper placement
Information
• Information on when the
food/stored product was
places in the
warehouse/storage
• Source of origin of the product
• Type of product
• Date of manufacturing
Species ID
• Correct identification of the insect
• Correct diagnostic
• For correct control and management
Infestation Location
• Important to determine source
of infestation
• Physical proofing
Stored Product Pest
What you need to do before managing the infestation
59. EDUCATION
QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
• Certified train PMP/PCO
• R
egistered PCO
INSPECTION & IDENTIFICATION
1
2
3
Managing The Pest
Stored Product Insect
• Know the basic biology and behavior of the insect
• Knowledge on the insecticide.
• Continues education
• Correct identificationof insect will lead to
correct control and management
• Proper inspection will detect cause of infestation
60. WHAT Does This MEAN FOR Stored PRODUCT
In Field Crops, Ipm IsASampling-based
Approach To REDUCE Insecticide Usage
In Stored Products, Ipm Is More Of A Multiple
Component Strategy, But Reduction In
Insecticide Use (And Costs!) Is StillAGOAL
Problem Is SamplingAStored Grain Mass
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Stored Product Insect/P
est
INTEGRATED PEsT MANAGEMENT
61. DRYING THE GRAINs
• Drying of the grains to a moisture range of 10 to 14% based on grain type, avoid
majority of the damage.
• Drying can be done under sunlight or using any developed dryers
SANITATION
• Improves stored product insect pest management
• Removing of spillage, dirt, debris, foreign particles, other insects and infested grains
that will reduce avoid initial infestation
• Floor level sanitation
PROPER STORAGE
• Proper product rotation with “first in, first out” (fifo)
• Inspection of incoming product
• Proper stacking size and wooden dunnage should be maintained to avoid from
mechanical damage
• Between each stacks a proper space should be maintained
• Old stocks should be separated fromincoming new stock
• P
allet management; P
alletscan be fumigated
DIsINFECTION
• Disinfestation of bulk and bag storage structures using insecticides is also an important
practice to be done prior to storage and a layer of insecticide spray can be suggested
PREVENTIVE MEAsUREs
Stored Product Insect/Pest
62. TEMPERATURE
CURATIVE MEAsUREs
Physical Methods
• Increasing or decreasing the temperature canalter the insect growth and metabolism.
• Optimal temperature for most of the storage insects is between 25 and 33º C
• Passing of dry or wet heat in the storage systemor refrigerated aeration yield better results.
• Stored food pests. Stored product beetles are killed when exposed 40º C for 24hrs, 45º C for 12 hrs, 50º C
• for 5 minutes
• 36º C-39º C lethal for mealwormlarvae
• Larvae of the cigarette beetle are tolerant of heat, while larvae of rice weevil and red floor beetles are moderately tolerant
MIXING OF INERT DUsTs
• Inert dustslike clays, sand, ash, minerals, silica (silicon dioxide) are effective in managing the insectsby moisture loss of the
insectbody by abrasion
• Duststhat contain natural silica, suchas diatomaceous earth (DE)
IRRADIATION
• Radiations in lower dose can able to kill or sterilizes the commongrain pests, and even the eggs deposited inside the grains.
• Radiations like microwaves,x-rays, etc. are utilizing in several forms to treat the grains before storage to disinfest them
UsE OF CONTROLLED ATMOsPHERE
• A novel methodology where the storage atmosphere generally contains 78% Nitrogen (N2), 21% Oxygen (O2) and 0.03%
carbon dioxide (CO2).
• This proportion can be altered mechanically by altered atmosphere which interfere with the normal insect metabolism which
achieve mortality
MECHANICAL DEVICE
• Devices developed for monitoring and masstrapping suchas entoleters, which are using in flour mills.
• Probe trap, PulseBeetle Trap, Light traps, Sticky traps
• Bait traps with pheromone
• Exterior pheromonestraps should also be used
63. • Thebuilding shouldbe maintainedtightly enoughto exclude
flying and crawling insect
• General structural repair of holes, cracks, torn screens,
poorly fitting door, etc are important
• Vacuuming
• Sticky traps, mating disruption traps with sex pheromone
• Lure and kill
EXCLUsION
• Preventing pest from entering the building
1.
• P
est harborage reduction through caulking can
save pest management professional valuable times
• Outdoor removal of leaf litters and piles of brush
or debris forces beetles to seek alternative sites.
2. HARBORAGE REMOVAL
LANDsCAPING
• Outdoor vegetation, whether natural or planted can
attract variousstored product insects as well other
insect
3.
• T
rash containers should be properly clean.
SANITATION
• Proper refuse disposal is important in reducing the number
of insectsattracted to a facility and thenumberbeing
produceswithin the vicinity of facilities
4.
• Light attract flying insect
• Light at the parameter of the facilities should be
mounted at least 30 feet (9m) from the building and
then directed back toward the building
• Better result if the lights are placed further away
• UV light trap
LIGHTING
5.
• Even clean, insect free product can become
infested before reaching consumer
• A primary function of packaging isto keep the
product clean and pest free
6. PACKAGING
Non-Chemical Control Considerations
Stored Product Insect
• Cooperation from all parties is very important
for the successfor pest management
programme
• Client input isvery important
7. CLIENT COOPERATION
• In warehouse, food goodsshould be stored away
from the walls about 0.4m to allow for cleaning and
inspection
PRODUCT STORAGE
• Proper storage of grains, food ingredients or
product isa highly significant component of
preventing or limiting infestation.
8.
64. • Plant extracts or products having insecticidal
properties like Neem leaf powder, black
pepper, turmericpowder.
• Different formulations like tablets, pellets, oils,
etc are developing and are required
commercialisation
BOTANICALs
SEMIOCHEMICALs
• Behavior of insect pests of stored products is associated
with the search for food, sexual partners and egg-laying
sites, together with defensive activities to protect them from
adverse environmental conditionsand natural enemies
• This behavior is modified by chemical signals produced
either by the insects themselvesor by other organisms
• Thisincludespheromonesand allelochemicals.
• Insect traps are available for some of the insects like flour
beetles and lepidopteran insects.
BIOPEsTICIDEs
• Commercially available entomopathogenic fungi
against field crop pests like Beauveriabassiana,
Metarhiziumanisopliae and bacterium
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were tested majorly
against stored-grain pests especially beetles
are Bracon hebetor Say (Braconidae) and Venturia
canescens(Gravenhorst, Ichneumonidae).
BENEFICIAL INsECTs
• The use of beneficial insects to control pest insects in stored
productshasnot received extensive study
• Predator- The predacious bug Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter)
and several other anthocorid bugs of the sub-family
Lyctocorinae that frequently occure as predators in storage
ecosystems appear to be promising agents for suppression
of both Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in stored products
• Parasitoids- Two common parasitoids that in stored products
C
U
R
A
T
IV
EM
E
A
sU
R
E
s
Biological Control
65. Insecticide Treatments
Stored Product Insect
FUMIGATION
• Fumigation gas are the only pesticides capable of penetrating through most any
substrate (phospine, methyl bromide)
• Product before en-route may have fumigated earlier
• Modern fumigant- methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride, phosphine
• introduction of liquid fumigant can produce a cool layer of fumigant laden air sacking
below warm layer cause unevenconcentration in surrounding space
• Fan can be used along to elevate the fumigant gas within the layers
SPACE (ULV) TREATMENTs
• Non-residual insecticide.
• The insecticide droplet in these treatments are small
enough to stay suspended in the air for a period of
time, but can’t penetrate substrate
• UILV treatments are used to contact and kill exposed
stored product
Direct contact treatments
• Select formulations of both residual and non residual contact
insecticides allow for directed application
• Cyluthrin, IGR are additional active ingredients used for
controlling food insect pest in food handling establishments
General treatment
• Anapplication of insecticide to large surface
areas, suchas a perimeter treatment or the
inside of an empty grain bin
• Emusifiableformulation tend to penetrate
surface
• R
esidual insecticide application in food
handling limited to crack crevices and spot
treatment
Quality treatment
• The processof evaluating the effectiveness
of insect management strategies
• A review of data recorded from trapping
programs
Residual insecticide treatments
• Canbe useddirectly asresidualtreatmentsinand aroundgrains,
processing equipment, food establishments, or direct application to
grain.
• Residual treatment can be effective, but can lead to resistance
Grain protectants
• Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl,Methoprene,Bacillus
thuringerinsisand diactomaceousearth product are labeled
as grain protectant in USA
• Various inorganic dustshave been used to protect seeds
and stored grain from insects
• Insecticide with juvenile hormone or IGRcan be used
Crack and crevice and void treatments
• Application of directing liquid, dust or aerosol formulations
into small cracks, crevices, gaps or inaccessible void spaces.
Spot treatment
• Only restricted to small application where the exposed
surface where the pest active (crawling area)
• Precise and extensive records should be maintained relative to the pest management
programme
• Pest service management agreement , pesticide labels, MSDSsheet, record of goods,
client complainrecord and record suggestionfrom thePMPsfor additional effective
control measure in the future
Documentation
66. Morrison et al. 2019
Sanitation negatively affected the
efficacy of most tacticsexamines
Literature suggested that
sanitation should be utmost
importance for food facility
manager concern for efficacy of
the control tactics
67. In Malaysia, this is
the most destructive
species for RICE
The 3 species of storage
pests are harmful to the rice
warehouse
Plodia interpunctella the
most abundance as an
external feeder and followed
by Tribolium castaneum and
Oryzaephilus surinamansis.
Insect from different
warehouse have different
total development time and
environmental factors such
as temperature corelated
SPI Diversity in Warehouse in Malaysia
