1. Stages of_
Socialization
Toe stages through which a child grows and acquires socialization
can be divided into following four stages ofsocialization.
1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Latency stage
4. Adolescence
Oral Stage
This stage begins from the time of the birth and the main object of
this stage is to be establishing the oral selfdependence or reliability.
In this stage the child forms certain desires about eating. He learns
the process of indicating his desire for the fulfillment of the wants.
He establishes completed adjustment with the mother and infact
he or she becomes one with the mother. Through this stage a child
learns the control ofhunger drive.
Anal Stage
After oral stage anal stage begins. Oral stag~ ends at the end of one
year and then anal stage begins and it goes up the three years of
age. Because of new desires certain crises develops, and the result
the child learns to start some of his desires and wants. In this stage
the child not only receives affection from the mother but also
reciprocates. The oral stage, this is only one way traffic and the child
only gets affection from the mother.
2. Latency Stage d ntinuous upto the age of 1
3
This stage begins at the age of 4
dan f cocial atmosphere of the chijr1
t 14 D . th. . d the fiel o so l
o . unng 1s peno_ . all th four functions ofthe falllily
becomes wide. Now he interhses e-brotheI daughter-sister ,.'
h th •i mother son ' •l1.t
e.g. usband-fa er, wt e- . 'th hool where he learns st
this stage the child starts going to e sc age
gives him greater social equipment.
Adolescence th f
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As is known, adolescence begins near about . e age O to_14 goes
on upto the age of21. During this stage the child ~ecom~s sti11 Wider
and so his social equipment becomes richer: Dunng this perio_d the
child is anxious to get rid of the control of his parents, but he is·not
able to do it. He wants to keep out of the house as far as possible.
There is desire to become free. Sometimes because of the control of
the society and the family and the desire of the child to get rid of
that control, there is also a clash, which is infact a part of the social
processor the process ofsocialization.
INDIVIDUALIZATION
Individualization is the process by which an individual is made
independent ofhis group.·
Definitions
• It is the process ofattaining to one's own self. It is carried outby
individual himself. It is mainly a mental process, which is spread
through the prevailing ideas.
Individualization is that process which tends to make the
individual more or less independent of his group and to create
in him a self-consciousness ofhis own.
•· Individualization is the process in which man comes to know
himselfand acquire the sense ofinner responsibility. It is simply
the process of attaining to one's own self, when a man does
things not simplybecause others do the same things butbecause
his own self approves it. He is carried by his own individuality
which is a quality to him.
• · Individualization makes him autonomous or selfdetermining.
According to Maciver
Individualization is 'the process in which men become mor:
autonomous or self determining in which they advance beyon
3. mere imitativeness or acceptance ofstandards which come to them
with only an outer sanction in which they become less bound by
tradition and custom is the regulation of their lives, less submissive
to authority and dictation in matters of thought and -opinion
recognizing that each is a unique focus ofbeing and can achieve the
ends of his life only, as these grow clear in his own consciousness
and become the objects ofhis own will~
Aspects of Individualization
Mannheim has distinguished four main aspects ofindividualization.
These are:
1. Individualization as a process of learning different from other
people.
2. Individualization on the level of new form of self regarding
attitudes.
3. Individualization through objects.
4. Individualization as a kind of deepening into ourselves
which implies receiving into our experience of ourselves and
submitting the individualizing forces around and within us. All
these process is entirely different phe!}omena.
The first aspect of individualization consists in the process of
becoming different from other people. The internal differentiation
of individuals leads to the formation of new groups. The division of
labor characteristic of industrial society accelerates the emergence
ofsuch groups. _
These groups permit more or less individualityto their members
according to the intensity and volume of internal organization and
regulations. Besides these two factors, i.e. external differentiation
of types. This is lack of contacts. The people isolated from other
people develop different types ofpersonality. Democratization, free
competition and social mobility also further individualization as a
process ofbecoming different.
Secondly individualization also consists of becoming aware of
one'sspecificcharacterand inthe rise ofa newkind ofselfevaluation.
The individual comes to feel himself as superior and separate from
others and evaluates himself in high terms. He begins to regard his
life and character as unique.
The preconditions ofthis process ofindividualization are 'a strict
differentiation and distance ofleading elites. The organization ofthe
4. group in such · to become
d . a way 1s to provide certain circles a chance th
despotic. The existence of the isolated milieu of court wtiere e
espot can have the illusion ofbeing powerful if not almighty,
These preconditions make the person tyrant whose power
rests upon physical power and spiritual coercion. History abounds
in examples of tyrants who regard themselves a sµperior to all and
felt that their life and character are unique. It is a feeling of self-
gratification.
The third aspect of individualization is in the individualization
of the wishes through objects. Some people come to have a fixed
feeling towards certain people and objects. The psychoanalyst have
given it the name of 'libido fixations: Toe peasant and the landed
aristocrat are more settled in their wishes than the rich mobile types
ofthe city.
Many factors influence the individual choice such as wealth or
the process of modern production and distribution. Social mobility
may also bind the individual to specific wishes. Family conditions
also shape the wishes ofthe individual.
The feeling of estrangement of becoming solitary may lead an
individQal to introspection and inwardness. In big cities where this is
an atmosphere ofunfriendliness, is difference anq. confusion and the
community does not exercise any deep influence upon its members,
this feeling ofestrangement is more peculiar under such conditions
there develops in the individual a feeling ofprivacy, partial isolation.
It leads to introspection, which is another form of_
individualization.
Some other individualization aspects are:
• Family conditions
• Social mobility
• Democracy .
• Social awareness ofones own character and character of others
• Superiority complex and selfishness
• F~e!i?g high of themselves and degarding others efficiencies by
cntic1sm
• Privacy
• Partial isolation
• Loneliness
• Inc · d · ·
• L rkeas~ng esrres andwisheswhichwillleadsto individualization .
ac ofmtrospection
• Feel its kind ofown eval .
uation and introspection
5. -
• Different from others
• Looks different and new everyday, etc.
PERSONAL DISORGANIZATION
Individual is a unit ofsociety. Individual disorganization is caused by
and affects social disorganization and in tum social disorganization
causes and affects individual disorganization.
Definition
The individuals are actors in the drama of society and their
relationships are ties that bind them together.
Each person is only as his relationships, for no man lives up
to himself alone. Hence although social disorganization properly
refers only to the failure and dissolution of the relationship between
individuals, the actors themselves are inevitably involved in the
process. -Ralph Kramer
All personal disorganization represents behavior upon the part
of individual which deviates from the culturally approved norm to
such an extent as to arouse social disapproval. -Mowrer
Causes of Personal Disorganization
• Unfulfillment of the needs: Whenever the persons needs are
unmet or resources are unavailable for individual satisfaction the
personal disorganization results.
• Mental deficiency: Mentally retarded in balanced people usually
loud in some form ofstress.
• Physical deficiency: The social forces or physical disability fulfill
ones requirements may lead to develop behavior abnormalities
and antisocial behavior.
• Cultural level: Strict customs or strict social control or social
isolation can lead to personal disorganization.
• Uncertainty of roles: Role confusion or escapism or fear are
common causes which tend people to act antisodally.
Forms of Personal Disorganization
There are various forms ofpersonal disorganization such as:
• Juvenile delinquency
• Crime
6. • Alcoholism
• Sexual abuse
• Mental deficiency
• Insanity
• Suicide
• Conflicts
• Physical abuse.
Toe cases of personality disorganization have increa
mOdem society, there is no denying the_fact. lhe social scienti:~~ hi
busy in analyzing the causes and sendmg the remedies. Tho are
. d . f sewh
regard organic factors as them~ etermrnants _o social beha>j
0
seekto improve it though eugemc means ofone kind or anoth or
d
et
The psychologists and psychiatrists an psychoanalysists
find the cause and remedy in the individual alone as ifhe were0
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in a vacuum. Vlng
Thenthere·are environmentalistswho regard social enviro
as the main factor ofpersonality disorganization, and conse nment
regard change in the environment as all important. quent1y
The p~oblem of personality disorganization is many sided
any effective treatment will need a consideration of h di and
biological, psychological and environmental factors. ere tary,
