 Smart Grid Why do we need Smart Grid? What is Smart Grid?  Smart Grid conceptual model  Wide Area Monitoring systems What is WAMs WAMS Architecture  Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)  Concluding Remarks As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges such as  New dynamics of future demand and supply  Ageing infrastructure  Complex interconnected grids  Integration of large number of renewable generation sources  Need to lower carbon emissions  New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles

1. Smart Grid & WAMS

2. Outline of Presentation
 Smart Grid
 Why do we need Smart Grid?
 What is Smart Grid?
 Smart Grid conceptual model
 Wide Area Monitoring systems
 What is WAMs
 WAMS Architecture
 Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
 Concluding Remarks
2

3. Why SmartGrid?
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
 New dynamics of future demand and supply
 Ageing infrastructure
 Complex interconnected grids
 Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
 Need to lower carbon emissions
 New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
3

4. Definition
A Smart Grid is self-healing, enables active participation of consumers,
operate resiliently against attack and natural disasters, accommodate all
generation and storage options, enable introduction of new products,
services and markets, optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently,
provide power quality for the digital economy.
Source: US Department of Energy
A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate
the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and
those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic
and secure electricity supplies.
Source: European Technology Platform Smart Grids
4

5. Evolution of grid design :
From traditional to future grids
 Centralized power generation
 One-directional power flow
 Generation follows load
 Operation based on historical experience
 Limited grid accessibility for new
producers
(Source: ABB Smart grid)
 Centralized and distributed power
generation
 Intermittent renewable power generation
 Consumers become also producers
 Multi-directional power flow
 Load adapted to production
 Operation based more on real-time data
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traditional grids future grids

6. Smart Grid - A large "System
of Systems”Smart Grid Conceptual
Model
 Bulk Generation
 Transmission
 Distribution
 Customers
 Operations
 Markets
 Service Providers
(Source : IEEE Smart grid)
6

7. Bulk Generation
Renewable sources
Variable
Solar
Wind
Non-variable
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
PumpStorage
Non-renewablesources
Non-variable
Nuclear
 coal
 gas.
7

8. Distribution Domain
Distribution
 Distributes the electricity
to and from the end
customers
 Connects the smart
meters and all intelligent
field devices, managing
and controlling them
through
wireless
a two-way
or wire line
communications network.
 It may also connect to
energy storage facilities
and alternative distributed
energy resources at the
distribution level.
8

9. Customer
 The end-users of electricity
 Connected to the electric
distribution network through
the smart meters.
 The smart meters control and
manage the flow of electricity
to and from the customers and
provide energy information
about energy usage and
patterns.
 Each customer has a discrete
comprised of
premise and two-
communications
domain
electricity
way
networks.
 A customer domain may also
generate, store and manage the
use of energy, as well as the
connectivity with plug-in
vehicles.
Customer Domain
9

10. Operations
 Manages and controls the
electricity flow of all other
domains in the smart grid.
 It uses
communications
a two-way
network
to connect to substations,
customer
networks and
premises
other
intelligent field devices.
 It provides monitoring,
reporting, controlling and
supervision status and
important process
information and decisions.
 Business intelligence
processes gather data from
the customer and network,
and provide intelligence to
support the decision-
making.
Operations Domain
10

11. Markets
 The Markets domain operates
and coordinates all the
participants in electricity
markets within the smart grid.
 It provides the market
management, wholesaling,
retailing and trading of energy
services. The Markets domain
interfaces with all other
domains and makes sure they
are coordinated in a competitive
market environment.
 It also handles energy
information
operations
exchange
clearinghouse
and information
with third-party
service providers.
 For example, roaming billing
information for inter-utility
plug-in-vehicles falls under this
domain.
Markets Domain
11

12. Service Provider
 Smart grid handles all third-
party operations among the
domains.
 These might include web
portals that provide energy
efficiency management
services to end-customers,
data exchange between the
customer and
regarding
management,
the utilities
energy
and regarding
the electricity supplied to
homes and buildings.
 It may also manage other
processes for the utilities, such
as demand response programs,
outage management and field
services.
Service Provider Domain
12

13. It means everyone has to play their
part effectively to make our grid
more efficient
13

14. Wide Area Monitoring System

15. WAMS-Definition
 It’s a collective technology to monitor power system
dynamics in real time, identify system stability related
weakness and helps to design and implement counter
measures.(IEEE)
 It is based on Phasor measurement units(PMUs) which
can deliver precisely time synchronized values of voltage
and current phasors and other power system related
quantities like frequency, ROCOF, breaker positions.
15

16. Components of WAMS
 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
 Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)
 Global Positioning System (GPS for Time
Synchronization of the phasors)
 Communication channel (Preferably optical fiber cable)
 Visualization and analysis tools
 Wide area situational awareness system.
 Wide area protection and control
16

17. WAMSArchitecture
17

18. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a Power System
device capable of measuring the synchronized voltage and
current Phasor in a Power System.
Synchronicity among Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
is achieved by same-time sampling of voltage and current
waveforms using a common synchronizing signal from
the global positioning satellite (GPS).
The ability to calculate synchronized phasors makes the
PMU one of the most important measuring devices in the
future of power system monitoring and control.
18

19. Communication Architecture
19
Sub Station
Control
Room
Switchyard
Area
2 No Bays
IEEE C 37.118
PMU
GPS
Receiver
CT/PT
PMU
GPS
Receiver
CT/PT
PMU
GPS
Receiver
2 No Bays
CT/PT
2 No Bays
Router
Switch

20. Key advantages for Phasor deployment ...
 Accurate phase angle measurements independent of
frequency variations
 Real time synchronized differences
 Wide area protection
 Improve grid stability/reliability
 Minimize transmission congestion
 Optimize transmission capacity
 Forecasting grid instability and early warning to prevent
blackouts and cascade collapse
20

21. PMU Applications
 Oscillation detection
 Fault location identification
 Fault classification
 Event analysis
 Model validation
 Situational awareness
21

22. Oscillations seen by PMU
• SCADA measurements cannot see most oscillation Worse – theycan
give misleading impression
• Synchro-phasors are needed to observe oscillations because of faster
data sampling, greater data resolution, and wide-area
synchronization
22

23. PMU APPLICATIONS &ANALYTICS
INDIAN POWER SYSTEM
23

24. Oscillation monitoring andanalysis
24
49.55
49.6
49.65
49.7
49.75
49.8
49.85
49.9
49.95
‐0.2
‐0.15
‐0.1
‐0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
22:02:15.000
22:02:17.360
22:02:19.720
22:02:22.080
22:02:24.440
22:02:26.800
22:02:29.160
22:02:31.520
22:02:33.880
22:02:36.240
22:02:38.600
22:02:40.960
22:02:43.320
22:02:45.679
22:02:48.040
22:02:50.400
22:02:52.760
22:02:55.120
22:02:57.480
22:02:59.840
22:03:02.200
22:03:04.559
22:03:06.920
22:03:09.280
22:03:11.640
22:03:14.000
22:03:16.360
22:03:18.720
22:03:21.080
22:03:23.440
22:03:25.800
22:03:28.160
22:03:30.520
22:03:32.880
22:03:35.240
22:03:37.600
22:03:39.960
22:03:42.320
22:03:44.679
22:03:47.040
22:03:49.400
22:03:51.760
22:03:54.120
22:03:56.480
22:03:58.840
Frequency(Hz)
ROCOF(Hz/sec)
Raipurdf/dt Raipur Frequency
Tripping of Raigarh ‐Sterlite II
Oscillation started in system
at 22:02:38.520

25. Fault Location Detection
25

26. Fault TypeDetection
 Single line to ground fault
26

27.  Phase to Phase fault
27

28.  Three Phase Fault
28

29. 50.1
50.12
50.14
50.16
50.18
50.2
50.22
50.24
50.26
50.28
Detecting coherent group ofgeneratorsBalliaFrequency AgraFrequency Raipur Frequency HissarFrequency JabalpurFreq
29

30. Mode Source Identification
30
Locati
o
n 1 Location 2 Location 3
Freq Damp Ampl Freq Damp Ampl Freq Damp Ampl
0.52 0.036 7.14 0.5 0.021 3.18 0.52 0.019 0.132
0.63 0.055 27.59 0.63 0.011 2.8 0.62 0.022 0.23
0.74 ‐0.012 1.2 0.70 0.006 1.16 0.7 0.017 0.09
1.43 0.00013 0.56 1.32 0.0019 0.429 1.45 ‐0.002 0.016
Symbol Actual PMU position Approx. Distancefrom
Event location (km)
Location 1 Karcham 433
Location 2 Kanpur 603
Location 3 Vindyachal 919

31. Analysis of Indian grid blackout
(PMU measurements)
 Inter- area oscillations identified for the grid disturbance
case can be used as indicators in-order to avoid such
catastrophe in the future.
31

32. Concluding remarks…
• Smart Grids are prerequisite to reach targets such as
environmental, efficient energy and secure supply.
• Implementation of Smart Grids is an evolution of the
existing grids.
• Many requirements, like increased efficiency and
reliability can be addressed by the ‘Smart Grid’
• Potential applications for synchrophasor technology
evolving in parallel will be needed in order to maintain
stable operation of the electric power grid of the future.
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33. 33
Thank you!!!