2. An aggregate of printing processes, whose scope
and character are determined by the circulation,
volume an frequency of publication of the
newspaper.

3. The characteristics of newspaper production,
in contrast to other specialized
printing processes, are an operational interdependence b
etween the editors and the printing office employees,
based on a strictly established hourly schedule, and the
utilization of highly productive equipment to
expedite the typesetting, preparation of
engraving plates and matrices, casting of stereotype bloc
ks, printing, and delivery of the newspaper.

4. The process of news production are created by the editorial staff,
technical and production workers .
They create a mock-up for imposition
Laying out the manuscripts, the original illustrations and other
designs
The workers of the typesetting shop of the printing plant
ensure that thereaders check and correct typographical errors on th
e galley and page proofs,and late news stories, which have come i
nto the editorial office during the course of
work on the current issue, are added.

5. Finally designed pages are
then signed by the editor for delivery to the press.
The pasteboard matrices are made (impressed) from these news-
paper pages; stereotypes—forms used for
printing newspapers on rotary press machines—
are cast from the matrices.

6. Matrix pasteboard
has highly plastic properties for reproducingall graphic elem
ents and that is sufficiently heat-
resistant for many castings ofstereotypes (up to 30 metallic st
ereotypes from one matrix).
Matrices
Theseare made on hydraulic presses that develop a total
force of 4-7 mega newtons (400-700 tons-force).
Stereotypes
are then cast fromthese pasteboard matrices. On a modern a
utomatic casting unit, two stereotypes
can be cast per minute.

7. The process of custom printing using plates to transfer
images into surfaces like papers is called offset printing
Nowadays, it uses a modern computer-to-plate technique
when producing materials on printing surface.

9. It is called offset because of the process on how inks
are transferred to print an image.
The ink is not directly pressed onto the paper; it uses
plate cylinder where the image comes. From a metal
plate, ink is distributed to an offset cylinder (rubber mat)
before it is transferred directly onto the paper through
an impression cylinder.

10. The process is done because the water and ink do not
mix.
The image is set on a printing plate. It is dampened by
oil-based ink and water using rollers on the printing
machine. The created image is transferred to the
cylinder and then to the paper.

11. Commercial quantities.
Same quality on all prints.
Best suited for economically producing large volumes of
high quality prints in a manner that requires little
maintenance

12. There are four colors used when printing on paper
sheets or cardstocks.
The color of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black are mixed
to form a final product with good color resolution.

13. Consistent high image quality.
Quick and easy production of printing plates.
Longer printing plate life than on direct litho presses
because there is no direct contact between the plate
and the printing surface.
Cost.
A further advantage of offset printing is the possibility of
adjusting the amount of ink on the fountain roller with
screw keys.

14. Slightly inferior image quality compared to rotogravure
or photogravure printing.
Propensity for anodized aluminum printing plates to
become sensitive (due to chemical oxidation) and print
in non-image/background areas when developed plates
are not cared for properly.
Time and cost associated with producing plates and
printing press setup. As a result, very small quantity
printing jobs may now use digital offset machines.

15. Offset lithography became the most popular form of
commercial printing from the 1950s ("offset printing").
Substantial investment in the larger presses required for
offset lithography was needed, and had an effect on the
shape of the printing industry, leading to fewer, larger,
printers. The change made a greatly increased use of
colour printing possible, as this had previously been
much more expensive. Subsequent improvements in
plates, inks, and paper have further refined the
technology of its superior production speed and plate
durability.

16. Today, lithography is the primary printing technology
used in the U.S. and most often as offset lithography.
Today, offset lithography is "responsible for over half of
all printing using printing plates". The consistent high
quality of the prints and the volume of prints created for
their respective cost makes commercial offset
lithography very efficient for businesses, especially
when many prints must be created.
Odor free offset printing is the newest technology.