The document provides definitions and brief descriptions of key terms and people from the Early Modern period. In less than 3 sentences: The document defines terms related to the Early Modern period such as Humanism, the printing press inventor Johannes Gutenberg, Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, Henry VIII and the Anglican church, the Counter Reformation, Jesuits, joint-stock companies, and economic systems like mercantilism and capitalism. It also provides short biographies of important figures during this time including explorers, rulers, and religious leaders.

1. Important Terms
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
By Lening Gonzalez
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.! (who is a beast at making slideshows)

2. Humanism
The study of human
accomplishments.
Moving away from
emphasis on the
afterlife.
Focused on human
values, developed
during the Renaissance.
Live for the here and
now.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

3. Johannes Gutenberg
Invented printing press!
Helped spread literacy
& influenced
movements such as the
Protestant
Reformation.
Peasants could now
afford books due to the
simplicity to make
them.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

4. Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
starter.
German monk who
taught theology.
Created 95 Theses,
hammered to church
door in Wittenberg.
Thought the Catholic
church was corrupt.
Placed by Catholic
Church by Diet of
Worms, protected by
Frederich (prince).
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

5. Henry VIII
Founder of Anglican
Church.
Made his own religion
so he could divorce
his…’ladies’, in an
attempt to develop a
male heir.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

6. Counter Reformation
Started by the church
to fight the Protestant
Reformation.
Council of Trent to help
regain followers.
Crippled indulgences.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

7. Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius
Loyala.
Catholic missionary
society.
Built missions in the
New World.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

8. Joint-Stock Companies
Many people invest,
many people profit.
Method England used
to Colonize the New
World.
Created new poor
middle class.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

9. Bourgeoisie
New wealthy middle
class due to the trade of
the new world.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

10. Mercantilism
New economic system
based on a favorable
balance of trade.
More gold/silver =
good.
Precious metals are
highly valued.
“A country’s power is
dependent on wealth.”
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

11. Capitalism
Free trade.
Demand for items
controls capitalism, not
what people tell you to
make in a command
economy.
Think U.S.A.
Opposite of
Communism.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

12. Goa
A Portuguese
controlled port in India.
Factories were built to
hoard spices.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

13. Batavia
Dutch-developed port
in Java.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

14. Manila Galleons
Spanish trade ships
from New World to
Philippines.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

15. Manila
The Spanish.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

16. Bombay
British-controlled port
in India.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

17. Macao & Canton
Only two ports open in
China.
Macao was closed down
during the Qing, felt
threatened by the
Portuguese.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

18. Nzinga Mbemba
A.K.A. Alfonso I (what?).
Converted much of the
Kongo Kingdom to
Christianity (Roman
Catholicism).
Tried to abolish slave
trade, but failed.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

19. William Wilberforce
Started to stop slavery
in England with 2 slave
acts.
1807- Abolished slave
trade.
1833- abolished slavery
in all of British Empire.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

20. Bartolome de las Casas
Fough against poor
treatment of Natives in
the New World.
He was a priest trying to
offer more rights.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

21. Seven Years War
A.K.A. French & Indian
War.
France & British fought
over control of North
American colonies.
Britain becomes
dominant colonial
power in India and the
New World.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

22. Salutary Neglect
When the British left
the Americas alone
because they were not
worth taxing.
Basically, they let us do
our own thing ( which would come and bite
…)
them in the ass later on
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

23. Treaty of Tordesillas
Decised who would get
what parts of the world
to claim, between Spain
and Portugal.
1st time’s a fail, due to
discovery of a round
earth.
Had to redraw the
borders later on, and it
took them a wile to
figure it out.
Fail!
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

24. Conquistadors
Spanish Explorers of
the New World.
Fallout 3… you should play it!
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

25. Viceroys
Represented Spanish
government in the New
World.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

26. Audencias
Spanish court system.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

27. Sociedad de Castas
Social System in the
New World. Peninsulares
Spanish Social Classes.
Creoles
Mestizo
Mulattos
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

28. Peninsulares
Full blood Spaniards.
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizo
Mulattos
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

29. Creoles
Full blood Spanish born
in new world. Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizo
Mulattos
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

30. Mestizo
Half Spanish-Half
Native. Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizo
Mulattos
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

31. Mulattos
Half-Spanish, Half-
Slave Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizo
Mulattos
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

32. Middle Passage
Slave journay from
Africa to Americas.
Tightly packed boats.
Two types: Tight and
Loose packers.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

33. Plantations
Used slave labor to
grow cash crops.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

34. Haciendas
Spanish factories.
Forced labor.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

35. Mita
Annual “community
service”.
Required by Incas-
practice continued by
Spanish.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

36. Encomiendas
Labor System of New
Spain.
Land given to settlers ->
settlers had to educate
natives and convert
them to Christianity.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

37. Mateo Ricci
Jesuit Missionary who
went to China.
Think of Robert de
Nobili, except in China.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

38. Ivan III
Kicked the Mongols out
of Russia.
A.K.A. Ivan the Great.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

39. Ivan the Terrible
A.K.A. Ivan IV.
Increased power of
czar.
Expanded Russian
territory a lot.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

40. Ghazi
Ottoman Empire, Ghazi
warriors spread Islamic
faith.
A title given to Muslim
warriors.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

41. Janissaries
Christians gone Muslim,
turned into soldiers.
Forced conversion of
Christian children to
Islamic soldiers (“Blood
Tax”).
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

42. Millet System
People grouped
according to their faith. Religion
Leader of milet owns
laws/taxes and reports
them to the sultan.
In a dispute, Islamic law
takes over.
Occurred in the Religion Islam Religion
Ottoman Empire.
Religion
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

43. Vizier
Rules when sultan
doesn’t want to.
Think this guy. 
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

44. Akbar the Great
Ruler of Mughal
Empire.
Fostered religious
tolerance.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

45. Sikhism
From the Islam rule in
India. Based on both
Hinduism and Islam.
Founded by Guru
Nanak Dev in 15th
century.
Salvation through
meditation to God.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

46. Taj Mahal
Mausolem built by Shah
Jahan in honor of his
third wife.
Combines many
different architectural
styles.
A second one was to be
built, but never was.
Perfectly symmetrical.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

47. Zheng He
Chinese sailor.
7 voyages in early 15th
century.
However, China shut
him down because the
ship costs too much.
Later explorations
ended by Ming Dynasty
due to increasing costs.
It takes a lot of money
to make an epically
giant ship!
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

48. Oda Nobunaga
Open to Christian faith.
Patronized Christian
missionaries to lessen
the power of the
Buddhists.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

49. Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Failed to capture Korea
(twice!).
Viewed Christians as a
threat.
Killed/kicked out
Christians.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.

50. Tokugawa Ieyasu
Established Tokugawa
Shogunate.
Published the National
Seclusion polichy,
which banned other
countries from setting
foot into Japan.
Ruled from Edo
(present-day Japan).
Developed 4 rigid social
classes: warriors,
farmers, artisans,
merchants.
Created Deshimna
Island- locale only for
Dutch to trade.
Credit to Alex S., Kyle R., Ray P., Hejab K., and Eric Y.!
I only get credit for putting in all the information. The above people are the ones that provided the info.