2. Seed – is a fertilized ripened ovule
of a flowering plant that
contains an embryo capable of
germination to produce a new
plant
3. Orthodox – are seeds that can be
kept when dried (small seeds)
Recalcitrant – are seeds which
cannot withstand drying
therefore should not be
allowed to dry before planting
4.
5. 1. Viability – seeds that can germinate
and produce healthy plants are
considered viable
2. Damage-free – seeds should be whole
and free from any damage either
by insects or mechanical elements
6. 3. True to type – seeds should be of
the same variety and should have
uniform shapes and sizes
4. Free from seed-borne disease – seeds
should come from disease-free
plants (free from pests and
pathogens)
7. 5. Free from weed mixture – seeds should
be free from weeds and other
foreign or inert matter
6. Mature – seeds should come from
fully ripened fruits
7. Suitable to local condition
8. Size and weight of seeds
8. Seed testing – is the process of
evaluating the quality of seeds
to be sure that they posses the
traits of good seeds
9.
10. 1. Dish Method or dinner plate method –
this method of conducting
germination tests is done by placing
seeds in a plate lined with moistened
tissue paper
2. Rag-doll Method or rolled towel method –
this is one of the simplest and
satisfactory methods of testing the
viability of seeds
11. 3. Seed box Method – get a box of any
convenient size. Fill the box with
garden soil about 12 cm deep. Place
about 30 seeds inside the box. Water
the seeds regularly until the seeds
germinate and the seedlings grow.
Count the germinated seeds and
compute the percentage of
germination
12. Seeds are considered germinated when
all vital parts are already visible such as
the radicle and the cotyledon. The radicle
will grow as the primary root, while the
cotyledon will grow as the primary leaf
13.
14. 1. Clearing – the garden site should be
cleaned thoroughly by removing
grasses, weeds, and other undesirable
plants that may affect the growth of
plants
2. Plowing – this is the first and most
important operation in the preparation
of land. It provides a more favorable
condition for seed germination and
development of young plants
15. 3. Harrowing – the purposed of
harrowing is to make the plowed soil
fine and compact as well as to destroy
weeds, weed seedlings, and grasses
4. Raise seedbeds – plant beds are raised
to provide drainage during the rainy
season
16.
17. A. Tools for digging holes and pulverizing soil
Crow bar – a steel bar for loosening the
subsoil and setting up posts for fences
Grab hoe – used for breaking hard top
soil and digging furrows for planting
Pick mattock – used for breaking hard top
soil and digging canals and stumps
Shovel – used for transferring soil from
one place to another
18. Spade – used for digging canals and
removing soil
Spading fork – used for loosening the soil
when soft and for digging out root crops
Rake – used for leveling the top soil and
cleaning the ground
Hand trowel – used for putting seedlings in
the ground and cultivating soil around the
plants
Hand cultivator – used for cultivating
garden plants
19. B. Equipment for loading and transporting soil, fertilizer, and
other materials
Wheelbarrow – used for hauling trash, soil,
and other heavy materials
Water pail – used for fetching water from
faucet or well
Water sprinkler – used for watering plants
Sprayer or insecticides or fungicides – used for
spraying chemicals
20. 1. Direct seeding – this method involves
planting in an area where they will grow
until they are ready for harvesting
2. Indirect seeding – in this method, the seeds
are planted first in seedbeds or seed boxes
to produce seedlings, which are then
transplanted in the field as soon as they
have three or more leaves
21. Transplanting – refers to transferring of
seedlings from one site to another
Steps in transplanting
1. Sprinkle water over the seedlings in
the seed box or seedbed to loosen the
soil
2. Lift each seedling carefully and
transfer it to the prepared pot
22. 3. Press the soil slightly around the
roots of the seedlings, and then water
them immediately. Do not wait for all
the seedlings to be transplanted
before sprinkling them with water
4. Provide a shade for the seedlings to
protect them from too much heat of
the sun
23.
24. 1. Overhead irrigation or sprinkler irrigation
– water is brought to the plants in the
form of very fine drops of spray or
mist, mimicking the rain
2. Surface irrigation – water is carried to
the field through siphons constructed
in open ditches or through small
canals near the rows of crops
25. 3. Drip/Trickle irrigation – water is
supplied directly to the roots of the
plants in small quantities by slow but
continuous drops of water
4. Subsurface irrigation – water is
supplied under the soil through a tile
system laid at a convenient depth and
slope
26. Weeds – are wild plants that are
harmful to growing plants. They
are unwanted plants that compete
with the growth of farm crops by
taking away nutrients and water
from the crops
27. 1. Annual weeds – these weeds
complete their life cycle in
one season. They can be
controlled by hoeing and
pulling them out while they
are still small
28. 2. Biennial weeds – these weeds
complete their life cycle in
two seasons. They produce
seeds on the second season
of their growth and then they
die. They can be controlled
by spraying or plowing the
land
29. 3. Perennial weeds – these weeds
lives for more than two years.
They reproduce after the
second season by seeds,
roots, or underground stems
30. Cultivation – refers to the tillage
operation of the soil around
the plants. It breaks up weeds
and loosens hardened soil to
allow water to penetrate
31. Purposes of cultivation
To destroy weeds;
To loosen and roughen the soil
so that water can easily
penetrate;
To turn in organic matter; and
To aerate the soil
32.
33. Fertilizer – are substances added to the
soil to increase it’s fertility
1. Organic (natural)fertilizers – these
are known as natural fertilizers
because they are not man-made
A. Animal manure – this contains
high amounts of organic
materials valuable to the growth
of crops
34. B. Green manure – it is produced by
planting leguminous crops over
the areas for planting
C. Compost – it is organic material
consisting mostly of animal
manure and crop residues
35. Composting – is the process of
allowing organic materials
to decompose under more
or less controlled conditions
to produce an end product
that can be used as fertilizer
or soil conditioner
36. 1. Compost pit method – this method
is done by digging a pit big enough
to accommodate cut grasses and
other dried plants in the garden
2. Compost heap method – in this
method, organic matter is piled just
on top of the ground without
digging a pit
37. 2. Inorganic fertilizers – these are
commercially prepared fertilizers
sold by agricultural suppliers
A. Complete fertilizer – these
contains the three major elements
needed by plants-nitrogen(N),
phosphorus(P), and potassium(K)
38. B. Compound fertilizer – this contains
only one or two of the major
elements such as N and NP
(nitrogen and phosphorous)
C. Straight or single-element fertilizer –
this contains only one of the three
fertilizer nutrients
39. 1. Nitrogen – gives a dark color to
plants; promotes their growth;
aids in the utilization of
phosphorous, potassium, and
other nutrients; and increase the
protein contents of plants
40. 2. Phosphorous – stimulates roots
development, flowering, and seed
formation; promotes the rapid
growth of plants; and hastens
maturity of crops
3. Potassium – strengthens the
stems of plants and develops
their resistance to plant disease
41.
42. 1. Band or localized application –
done by digging furrows
around each plant. Fertilizer is
applied by hand or by special
equipment in the soil in
measured amounts near the
seeds or seedlings
43. 2. Broadcast method – done by
scattering fertilizer uniformly
around each plant
3. Side dressing application –
fertilizers are applied close to
the seeds or around the
established plants for easy
absorption of the elements
44. 4. Foliar application - done by
dissolving fertilizer in water
and spraying it on the soil
45.
46. Pest – is a collective term that refers
to organisms that injure or
damage plants
1. Chewing insects – these insects
take in their food by biting off
and eating up the leaves and
other parts of the plants
47. 2. Sucking insect – these insects have
tubelike mouth parts, which they
can insert into leaves and stem to
suck juice or succulent plant
48. 1. Direct control – some direct
control measures involve
mechanical means and
application of insecticides
49. a. The mechanical method employs the
use of simple devices that trap and
kill pests
b. The chemical method uses chemicals
that are sprayed on affected plants
c. Fumigation or smoking involves the
use of gas to kill insects
d. Repellents are chemicals that drive
pests away
50. 2. Indirect control – these
measures also greatly help
in the control of plant pests
a. Burning all infected plants
b. Destroying all the weeds that grow
near the plant
c. Burning the remnants of plants after
harvest
51. d. Applying proper fertilizers to crops
to keep them in good growing
condition
e. Providing good drainage
f. Planting resistant varieties of crops
g. Planting of trap plants and
intercropping
h. Protecting the natural enemies of
insects such as birds, lizards, and
toads 9biological control)
52. Plant diseases – are abnormal
condition in plants that are
manifested through signs
and symptoms
