Flashcards to revise important points of Chapter 6 Learning

1. Learning Review
Flashcards for Terms on the Test

2. Definition
• The type of learning that occurs when a pers
on observes and imitates others is called…

3. Answer
• Observational Learning

4. Definition
• A response that is natural, automatic, or not
learned, is called a(n)…

5. Answer
• Unconditioned Response

6. Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the f
requency of the behavior it follows when it i
s added to the environment.

7. Answer
• Positive Reinforcer

8. Definition
• The method of __________ involves exposi
ng a person to a harmless stimulus until he o
r she is no longer afraid of it.

9. Answer
• Flooding

10. Definition
• On a ___________ schedule, reinforcement
s are provided only after a certain number o
f correct responses have been made.

11. Answer
• Fixed Ratio

12. Definition
• A type of stimulus that was formerly ne
utral and takes on new meaning by bein
g associated with something else is call
ed a(n)

13. Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus

14. Definition
• This kind of reinforcement occurs when a b
ehavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

15. Answer
• Continuous Reinforcement

16. Definition
• ___________ is the method of teaching co
mplex behaviors by breaking them down int
o manageable parts.

17. Answer
• Shaping

18. Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and
becomes effective by first being paired wit
h such reinforcers as food and shelter.

19. Answer
• Primary Reinforcer

20. Definition
• Reinforcements are applied with a set amou
nt of time between them on a________ sche
dule.

21. Answer
• Fixed Interval

22. Definition
• __________ is the learning that occurs whil
e a neutral stimulus is paired with an uncon
ditioned stimulus and it is repeated over and
over. The initial learning of new response.

23. Answer
• Acquisition

24. Definition
• Form of classical conditioning in which a fo
od comes to be avoided

25. Answer
• Taste Aversion

26. Definition
• This type of stimulus elicits a response not
normally associated with it after being paire
d with an unconditional stimulus.

27. Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus

28. Definition
• Form of learning by successive approximati
ons. Used to teach animals tricks.

29. Answer
• Shaping

30. Definition
• Act of responding in the same way to stimul
i that seem similar. For example, a dog sali
vates to a bell and to a buzzer with a similar
tone.

31. Answer
• Generalization

32. Definition
• Elicits no response before conditioning

33. Answer
• Neutral Stimulus

34. Definition
• Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pl
easing stimulus with a feared one.

35. Answer
• Counter conditioning

36. Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired
because the animal learns to value it, lik
e praise.

37. Answer
• Secondary Reinforcer

38. Definition
• Method of overcoming fear that involves rel
axation and gradual exposure to the feared s
timulus

39. Answer
• Systematic Desensitization

40. Definition
• Revival of an extinguished response when t
he unconditioned stimulus suddenly reappea
rs.

41. Answer
• Spontaneous Recovery

42. Definition
• Form of learning based on the consequences
of actions

43. Answer
• Operant Conditioning

44. Definition
• Act of responding differently to stimuli that
are not similar. For example, a dog salivate
s to a bell but not a knock on the wooden do
or.

45. Answer
• Discrimination

46. Definition
• When a conditioned response stops occurrin
g because the unconditioned stimulus is no l
onger presented

47. Answer
• Extinction

48. Definition
• Reinforcement that encourages a behavior b
y meeting an organism's basic biological ne
eds like food, water, or sex drive.

49. Answer
• Primary Reinforcer

50. Definition
• A natural stimulus that causes an automatic
response

51. Answer
• Unconditioned Stimulus

52. Definition
• This person studied cats and came up with t
he “Law of Effect” that states that animals
will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

53. Answer
• Thorndike

54. Definition
• This person conditioned Little Albert to be s
cared of white fury objects.

55. Answer
• John Watson

56. Definition
• This person is the father of operant conditio
ning and believed that all animals learn thro
ugh reinforcement and punishment.

57. Answer
• B.F. Skinner

58. Definition
• This person’s experiment with rats showed t
hat animals do think during classical conditi
oning because they need to predict the UCS
is coming after the NS.

59. Answer
• Robert Rescorla

60. Definition
• This person studied taste aversion in rats usi
ng flavored water with a drug that would m
ake the rats sick.

61. Answer
• John Garcia

62. Definition
• This person’s rat maze experiment where ra
ts formed a cognitive map of the maze show
ed that animals learn without reinforcement
demonstrating the concept of latent learning.

63. Answer
• E.C. Tolman

64. Definition
• This person studied how children learned th
rough observation in his famous Bobo Doll
Experiment

65. Answer
• Albert Bandura

66. Definition
• His experiment with dogs proved that anima
ls can learn reflexive behaviors to unnatural
stimuli.

67. Answer
• Ivan Pavlov