MODULE 5.pptx

A
Presentation on
GREEN BUILDINGS
BETCK105B
MODULE-5
by
Department of Civil Engineering
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Mandya-571 477

CONTENTS
1. Passive Solar Buildings.
2. Green Composites.
3. Water Utilization in Buildings.
4. Low Energy Approaches to Water Management.
5. Solid Waste Management.
6. Sullage and Sewage Water Management.
7. Green Cover and Built Environment.

1. PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS
Passive Solar Buildings is a way of designing buildings that takes
advantage of the benefits of the local environment (such as
sunlight), while minimizing the adverse impacts of the climate
(such as cold night time temperatures) on the comfort level of the
building.
Need of Passive Solar Building
Passive solar heating provides a way of reducing the amount of
energy needed to heat buildings to a useful comfort level, by
replacing some of the heat derived from biomass or fossil fuels
with heat derived from sunlight. Sunlight is free, and has none of
the negative financial, environmental or health effects of biomass
and fossil fuel use.

Passive solar building configuration

Passive Solar Building Design
 The building should be elongated on an east-west axis.
 The building‟s south face should receive sunlight between the
hours of 9:00 A.M. and 3:00 P.M. (sun time) during the heating
season.
 Interior spaces requiring the most light and heating and cooling
should be along the south face of the building. Less used spaces
should be located on the north.
 An open floor plan optimizes passive system operation.
 Use shading to prevent summer sun entering the interior. Sun
Angles can help you figure the overhang calculations.
 Passive solar energy is an excellent idea to heat,cool and lightning
the living room based on the structure of our buildings.
 Passive solar energy is used to distribute heat or cool through
wise selection of building materials.
 Passive solar energy will provide inexpensive sustainable
alternatives for heating and cooling of home.
 Passive solar system is used to “collect, store and distribute
thermal energy”-by means of conduction, convection and

1. UTILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BUILDINGS
Passive solar Building Concepts

Passive solar building Concepts

The passive solar buildings work based on the following
principles
• The first principle is based on the route of the sun in
different seasons. The sun in winter will be traveling in a
lower route compared to summer.
• In winter, the south direction faced glass will help in energy
absorption and storage in the building.
• The location of thermal mass in a position enabling easy
absorption of solar energy later would help in the easy
release of the same during evening time.
• The direct sun can be resisted by overhanging elements as
shown in the figure below. These are also called control
elements.
• Proper insulation enables warmth in winter and coolness in
summer.
Passive solar building Concepts

Passive Solar Design Basics
o Aperture/Collector
o Absorber
o Thermal mass
o Distribution
o Control

Passive Solar Heating of Buildings
The goal of all passive solar heating systems is to capture the
sun's heat within the building’s material and release that
heat during periods when the sun is not shining.
The Primary elements of passive solar heating are
Thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat.
South-facing windows are designed to let the sun's heat
in while insulating against the cold.
Open floor plans allow more sun inside.

Passive Solar Cooling of Buildings
• Buildings are designed to retain cooling and drew the heat
air away.
• The shading device is fixed and this was achieved by
natural vegetation and using special glazing in windows.
• The shading device can reduce solar gains up to 90%.
• It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the
building. They derive cooling directly from evaporation,
convection, and radiation without using any intermediate
electrical devices.
• All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in
temperature and relative humidity.
• The applicability of each system depends on the climatic
conditions.
• These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal
spaces.

Passive Solar Cooling of Buildings
Passive cooling systems are least expensive means of
cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the
building envelope without any use of mechanical devices.
• The primary focus of passive cooling is
• Slow heat transfer into the house.
• Remove unwanted heat from the building.
• Various passive cooling technologies adopted are
• Shading system
• Ventilation
• Solar chimney
• Thermal mass
• Wind towers
• Evaporative cooling system
• Courtyard effect
• Passive down draught cooling.
• Lattice screen (jaali)

The benefits of passive solar building systems are as follows:
 The building interiors are bright - The interior of the
building would be filled with sufficient light. This is due to
the transmission of visible light frequencies. The system is
designed such a way that the control of glare and over
lighting is kept in mind.
 The ultraviolet energy is blocked - The direct ultraviolet
rays are harmful. The passive solar building system has
the advantage of blocking almost 99.9% of the ultraviolet
radiation energy. Preventing this would save the interior
fabrics as well as decor and make them long lasting.
 Summer is made cooler and comfortable - It keeps the
interior cool during the hot season. This would obviously
reduce cooling energy costs. This would give a low solar
gain coefficient value (SHGC).
 Winter made warmer
Benefits of Passive Solar Buildings

2. Green Composites
Definition
A composite is defined as a multiphase material differing in
composition, which remain bonded together, but retain their identities
and properties, without going any chemical reaction. Composite is
engineered to meet specific application, performance and specific
needs.
Green composite combines plant fibers with natural resins to create
natural composite materials. Biomaterial composites are made from
hemp, kenaf, sisal, soybean, etc. Natural fibers are emerging as low
cost, lightweight and apparently environmentally superior alternative
to synthetic fibers.

2. Green Composites
Definition

2. Green Composites
Why do we need Green Composites?
The resins and fibers used in the green composites are
biodegradable, when they dumped, decomposed by the action of
microorganisms. They are converted into the form of H2O and CO2.
These H2O and CO2 are absorbed into the plant systems.

2. Green Composites
Components of Green Composites
The two main components of the green composites include:
Biodegradable resin
Starch-based, dispersion-type biodegradable resin.
Natural fibres
It is remarkable that natural fibers such as kenaf, flax, jute, hemp,
and sisal have attracted renewed interest, especially as an E glass
fiber substitute in the automotive industry. The advantages of
natural fiber over synthetic are low cost, low density, acceptable
specific strength properties, ease of separation, carbon dioxide
sequestration, and biodegradability. Plastics are lighter but they are
not fit for load-bearing application because of the lack of strength,
stiffness, and dimensional stability. In fibre-reinforced composites,
the fiber serves reinforcements by giving strength and stiffness to
the composite structure.

2. Green Composites
Natural fibres
In automotive applications, non-wood fibres such as hemp, kenaf,
flax and sisal have attained commercial success in the design of bio-
composites.

2. Green Composites
Natural fibres

2. Green Composites
Methods of Manufacturing Green Composites
The mixture of the dispersion-type biodegradable resin and cellulose
fibers were blended well by using a home-use mixer and a stirrer,
and then dried in air or in a vacuum. Composites were prepared by
conventional hot pressing at a constant temperature of 140-degree
celsius and at pressures of 10 to 50 MPa their flexural strength as
well as flexural modulus increased with increasing the moulding
pressure. The composites were from a starch based biodegradable
polymer and Manila hemp fibers. The tensile strength of green
composites is strongly dependent on fiber content. The tensile
strength of cross-ply composites increases with the fiber content until
nearly 50% by weight.

2. Green Composites
The various methods are
• Filament winding
• Lay-up methods
• Resin transfer moulding
• Injection moulding
• Vacuum bonding
• Autoclave bonding

2. Green Composites
Filament Winding
Filament winding is a process is which continuous fiber (either pre-
pregnated with resin, or coated during winding) are pulled from a
large spool and wound on to a rotating mandrel after sufficient layers
have been built up the wound form is curved and the mandrel
removed. The parts most commonly made by this method are
cylindrical pipes, drive shafts, portables air raft water tanks, spherical
pressure tanks and yacht masts.

2. Green Composites
Lay-up Methods
Layers of prepreg fabrics are built upon a mould, in unidirectional or
multi axial form. They are then subjected to’ a consolidating force
and cure them. The process can be done either by hand, or by
automated lay-up which decreases the manufacture time
significantly. Complicated shapes can be credited in this way.

2. Green Composites
Resin Transfer Bonding
In this method, dry reinforcement fibre is held in a closed mould, and
then resin is pumped through the mould at high pressure. This is a
more time-consuming process, as it involves labour intensive
preparation and lay-up but it has many advantages, as the mould is
closed, harmful emissions are reduced and a void-free laminate and
complex parts can be created in this
Vacuum Bonding
In vacuum bonding, the composite (usually large sandwich
structures) is first placed over a mould then a vacuum bay is placed
over the top, the air is removed from the vacuum, which forces the
bag down onto the lay-up with a pressure of 1 bar. The whole
assembly is then placed inside an oven to cure the resin, and the
material is produced in a relatively short time. This method is used in
conjunction with either filament winding or lay-up techniques.

2. Green Composites
Autoclave Bonding
An autoclave is a pressure vessel, which controls exact pressure
temperature and vacuum conditions. The technique is very similar to
that of vacuum bonding except that the over is replaced by an
autoclave. This means that wring condition can be controlled
accurately to give high quality composites for a specific purpose. The
process takes much longer than others, and is relatively expensive.

2. Green Composites
Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Composites

3. Water Utilization & Low Energy Approaches to
Water Management in Buildings
Water is one of the most essential resources on this planet. It plays a
key role in sustaining the environment, production of food resources
and maintaining human health. With the ever-growing population,
we are constantly reminded of how critical and limited water
resources are. Most countries in the world are on the brink of
running out of water.
Around 40% of India’s water resources come from groundwater. A
recent report from NITI Aayog has stated that 21 major cities in
India are expected to run out of groundwater by 2020. The
‘Composite Water Management Index’ is India’s first extensive
collection of data on water throughout the nation. The CWMI report
has stated that the demand for water will exceed its supply by 2050.
There is an urgent need to preserve and use water wisely. Water
preservation is the need of the hour. There has already been an
implementation towards creating innovative ways to preserve water.

Low Energy Approaches to Water Management
Here are a few methods that can reduce the usage of water inside
buildings:
1. Rainwater Harvesting

:1. Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting is a method that can be quite easily
implemented. In times of such water scarcity, it is a very effective
method. The method is simple; rainfall is collected and stored so
that it can be used in the future. Rainwater harvesting can aid in the
replenishing of groundwater resources which also affects the
climatic conditions in areas with water scarcity. Most importantly, it
makes water available in such regions. Rainwater Harvesting has
been in practice for a very long time in most parts of rural India.
This method of water conservation can be implemented almost
anywhere in buildings, individual houses, apartments, parks, etc.

2. Water Metering
Water metering is the process of measuring the amount of water that
is being used in residential and commercial buildings. The volume
of water that is used is calculated and charged for according to the
price of water. The water is supplied from a public water supply
system. Initiatives were taken in the city of Hyderabad to install
digital water meters that access real-time water usage data. This will
help to identify the potential of water efficiency and reduce
consumer usage and costs.

3. Water-Efficient Taps
Water-efficient taps are of two kinds.
1) Taps that have low water flow rate are usually designed that
way to support minimum wastage of water.
2) Taps with infrared sensors can sense a presence and
automatically turn on or off based on its usage.
These taps are largely seen in most public places including malls,
theatres, airports, etc.

4. Pressure reducing valves
A pressure reducing valve can control the amount of pressure in a
hydraulic system and save a lot of water from being wasted. These
valves ensure a pre-set level of water that is to be used. In this way,
downstream components used in the water system last longer and
water consumption is also reduced. This is a very fitting solution for
industrial, residential, commercial and institutional buildings.

5. Water-saving showerheads
Did you know that an average bath lasts around 10-15 minutes and
uses up almost 80 litres of water, whereas a 5-minute shower at a
rate of 10 litres per minute will use only 50 litres? There is a huge
difference between 50 and 80 litres of water! Water-saving
showerheads are designed so that they control the water flow rate
and the spray pattern during a shower. This makes a huge difference
and directly affects the water consumption levels of a building since

6. Grey Water Recycling System

6. Grey Water Recycling System
Grey water recycling is a simple, safe and sustainable water
preserving system. It can help reduce water usage in households by
almost 50% and indirectly save your water bills. Grey water
recycling is a method of saving water in which wastewater is
collected from kitchen sinks, washing machines and showers and is
then recycled for usage in toilets, watering plants, etc. Unlike
rainwater harvesting which relies on rainwater, grey water is surplus
in quantity and available daily. Environmental engineers have
demonstrated that the usage of this recycling system has reduced

7. Smart irrigation systems
Water used for irrigation alone counts for at least 75% of water
consumption in India. Much of this water is wasted during flood
irrigation. Even gardens and lawns need to be watered regularly to
sustain it. Technology has allowed us to invent efficient irrigation
systems with controllers that can reduce water consumption. They
can be used to avoid excess watering of plants and also used to
track temperature and precipitation over properties. Drip irrigation
is also a method that can be used to send water directly to plants
through pipes that are buried under the surface.

7. Smart irrigation systems
The concept behind water-saving toilets is to increase the velocity
of flushing water instead of increasing the amount of water that is
used to flush out waste.
Discussing these innovative ways to conserve water is one thing,
but implementing them is the first step we can take towards
reducing our water footprint in the environment. The water crisis is
inevitable and people should start acting now to be able to tackle
this challenge in the future.

4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste is a non-liquid, non-soluble material ranging from
municipal garbage to industrial waste that sometimes contains
complex and hazardous substances.
It includes domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste,
institutional waste, catering and market waste, bio-medical waste,
and e-waste. It is a serious worldwide problem as it causes both
water and air pollution. It shows its direct effect on health,
economic growth, and degradation of the environment. It can lead
to pollution of the environment and outbreaks of vector-borne
diseases (diseases spread by rodents and insects).
The term "solid waste management" refers to the collection,
treatment, and disposal procedure for solid wastes.

Several tonnes of garbage are left uncollected on the streets of most
developing cities each day. It acts as a breeding ground for pests
that spread disease, obstruct the sewers, and cause other
infrastructural issues. India produces 277.1 million tonnes of solid
waste every year, which is likely to touch 387.8 million tonnes in
2030 and 543.3 million tonnes by 2050 due to ‘rapid urbanization’,
population growth, and economic development.’

Municipal Solid Waste
 Every day goods such as product packaging, yard trimmings,
furniture, clothing, bottles, cans, food, newspapers, appliances,
electronics, and batteries make up the municipal solid waste.
 With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle, the amount of
municipal waste is also rising.

It is roughly classified into five categories:
Recyclable Material: Glasses, bottles, cans, paper, metals, etc.
Composite Wastes: Tetra packs, toys.
Biodegradable Wastes: Kitchen waste, flowers, vegetables, fruits,
and leaves.
Inert Waste: Rocks, debris, construction material.
Domestic Hazardous and Toxic Waste: E-waste, medication, light
bulbs, etc.
Municipal solid waste management is the need of the hour and is
important for the safety of public health and better environmental
quality.

Harmful Effects of Solid Waste
 Bad odour of waste
 Production of toxic gases
 Degradation of natural beauty
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Soil pollution
 Spread of diseases
 Effect on biodiversity

Types of Solid Waste Management
Wastes are gathered from various sources and are disposed of
through the waste management process, which involves the
collection, transportation, treatment, analysis, and disposal.
1 Landfill: It involves burying the waste in vacant locations around
the city. The dumping site should be covered with soil to prevent
contamination.
Benefits: A sanitary disposal method if managed effectively.
Limitations: A reasonably large area is required.
2. Incineration: It is the controlled oxidation (burning/thermal
treatment) of mostly organic compounds at high temperatures to
produce thermal energy, CO2, and water.
Benefits: Burning significantly reduces the volume of combustible

3. Composting: It is a natural process of recycling organic matter
like leaves and food scraps into beneficial fertilizers that can benefit
both soil and plants.
Benefits: It is beneficial for crops and is an environment-friendly
method.
Limitations: Requires high-skilled labour for large-scale operation.
4. Recycling: It is a process of converting waste material into new
material. Examples: wood recycling, paper recycling, and glass
recycling.
Benefits: It is environment-friendly.
Limitations: It is expensive to set up and not reliable in case of an

5. Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting is a bio-conversion
technique that is commonly used to handle solid waste. Earthworms
feed on organic waste to reproduce and multiply in number,
vermicompost, and vermiwash as products in this bio-conversion
process.
Benefits: It reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and enhances
plant growth.
Limitations: It is time-consuming, cost-ineffective, and requires
extra care.

5. SULLAGE & SEWAGE WATER MANAGEMENT
Sullage
The wastewater from bathrooms, kitchens, washing places,
washbasins, etc. is termed as Sullage.
Sewage
The wastewater or liquid waste from a community is called sewage.
This includes sullage, discharge from water closets (WC), urinals,
etc., and industrial wastewater.
Sewage management is basically the process by which the waste is
treated for the advantage of man. There are different processes
involved in sewage treatment; they are the sewage, treating and
screening of the sewage. This also involves disposing of the sewage
in such a way that it does not cause any hazard or harm to nature and
the health of humans also.

Types of Wastewater
Typically, three types of sewage are there-
Domestic Sewage
Domestic wastewater includes the used water from apartments or
households. This type of wastewater is also known as sanitary
sewage. It can be the water that runs down from the shower or body
waste as well. This wastewater is generated by our homes daily due
to daily household activities.
Industrial Wastewater
Industrial wastewater carries contaminated water from chemical or
manufacturing processes. Various pollutant chemicals can be present
in this sewage. As this wastewater mainly comes from industries, it
can be toxic and contaminated with heavy metals.

Types of Wastewater
Storm Sewage
Storm water implies the runoff sewage that comes from the
atmosphere in the form of water particles collected in open channels.
This can include rain, drizzle, snow, etc. Above 99.9% of the entire
wastewater comes from domestic sewage. Even though the principal
contaminants are described as plant nutrients and organic materials,
domestic wastewater also contains harmful microbes. This
wastewater contains the nutrients that can be collected after sewage
treatment

Major Pollutants
Organic Substances
The quantity of perishable or biodegradable organic materials in
wastewater is calculated by BOD or biochemical oxygen demand.
BOD is the oxygen amount required by microbes to decompose
these organic substances in wastewater. It is one of the most vital
criteria for the operation and design of sewage management
methods.
Suspended Solids
Suspended solids are another crucial element of sewage. The amount
of sludge generated in a water treatment plant depends on the entire
suspended solids included in the wastewater. Storm and industrial
sewage carry a larger volume of suspended solids than domestic

Major Pollutants
Plant Nutrients
Primarily, domestic wastewater carries chemical elements like
phosphorus and nitrogen, which are the fundamental nutrients for
plants’ growth. If these elements are excessively present in
surrounding water bodies like lakes, it can boost the growth of algae.
This may accelerate the natural ageing of these water bodies.
Microbes
Moreover, domestic wastewater also carries various microbes that
come from the intestinal tract of humans. Coliform bacteria are
found in high concentrations. In present days, an excessive coliform
count has been observed in sewage pollution.
By sewage treatment methods, these pollutants are removed from the
sewage water so that it can be reused.

Methods of Sewage Collection
Combined System
A combined collection system carries both storm and domestic
wastewater. This collection system is typically constructed with
pipelines or tunnels of wide diameter. However, in rainy seasons,
this system sometimes fails as water treatment plants cannot treat a
heavy volume of storm sewage.
Separate System
In relatively newer cities, separate wastewater systems that carry
domestic and storm wastewater separately are found. The surface
runoff sewage or storm water is disposed of in open water streams
like a river. Smallholding basins or catch basins can be installed for
heavy water flow during wet seasons. However, domestic
wastewater is directed to a treatment plant. From the in-detailed
discussion about methods of sewage treatment, you have understood
the treatment process, collection process, and disposal methods.

Sewage Treatment Methods

Disposal Methods of Sewage
Municipality Systems
In the municipal wastewater system, there is a treatment plant
connected to the source of wastewater. By treating the used water,
this plant efficiently removes near about 95% of impurities. Then, by
an anaerobic process, the sludge is again treated to ensure the safety
of using this water.
On-Site Sewage System
Due to the increasing urbanisation, the on-site sewage system has
resulted. In urban areas, the houses are built on plots, and each plot
is connected to a wastewater line. These wastewater lines collect
waste from various households and flow towards a community
sewage treatment plant. Here, excess water is directed towards a
nearby river or irrigation area once the treatment is done. On-Site
Sewage System another name is a septic system. This disposal
system is composed of a septic tank where the sewage can be settled,
treated and similarly slurred on the same place of waste generation.

In this process, the wastewater is disposed of and treated in natural
ways. Usually, an on-site system comprises a septic tank and
disposal field that is the soil absorption place. The wastewater slurry
is carried out to this leach field, where microorganisms can
decompose it over a period. These sewage disposal methods are
reliable, hygienic, economical, and efficient.

In this process, the wastewater is disposed of and treated in natural
ways. Usually, an on-site system comprises a septic tank and
disposal field that is the soil absorption place. The wastewater slurry
is carried out to this leach field, where microorganisms can
decompose it over a period. These sewage disposal methods are
reliable, hygienic, economical, and efficient.
Full Wastewater System
In a full wastewater disposal system, the sewage water is collected
from households and then directed to various sewer pipes. During
this process, all solid wastes go through multiple sharp blades or
macerators. It helps to decrease the dimension of solid waste before
further processing.

Lagoons
Lagoons signify large open ponds that can collect wastewater from
households. These water bodies contain a large number of
microorganisms that decompose the waste. Sunlight and wind act as
catalysts in this process by accelerating the decomposition process.
Moreover, algae also assist in the breeding process of bacteria in
waste. Due to the presence of algae, these lagoons appear greenish.
Pit Latrines
Pit latrines are the century-old sewage disposal method found in
human civilisation. In present days, these are found in rare places
with restricted water supply. This disposal system includes a
borehole, trench latrines, and ventilated improved pit. Shallow
trench latrines are used by large gatherings for a shorter time and
once they are nearly full, closed with soil.

6. GREEN COVER & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
• Green cover is defined as natural or planted vegetation covering
a certain area of terrain, functioning as protection against soil
erosion, protecting the fauna, and balancing the temperature.
• Green cover is important in towns and cities because they
provide health, wellbeing and ecological benefits. Examples of
green cover include natural and semi-natural areas, such as
remnant bush land, parks, gardens and infrastructure such as plant
walls and green roofs.
• Green cover provides natural cooling of air and surfaces, and
support water management in urban areas. The vegetation used in
these areas absorbs carbon dioxide, helping to offset greenhouse
gas emissions.

 Climate change is causing more severe and frequent heat waves,
drought, rainfall and storms. These extreme weather events affect
our towns and cities, and impact on green cover, reducing their
ability to mitigate against future impacts.
 Increasing the amount of green cover can help to combat the
effects of climate change. This is achieved by providing natural
cooling of air and surfaces, supporting water management in
urban areas and capturing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. This will help to keep our cities and towns resilient
and liveable in the future.

 Increasing the amount of green cover and open spaces has many
benefits in protecting us from the effects of climate
change. Protecting local green spaces and creating urban networks
of green space can help to minimize the impacts of urban heat in
our cities and towns.
 Vegetation included in urban design has the added benefit
of absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, helping to limit the
rate of climate change. A mature tree can absorb up to
150 kg of carbon dioxide every year –planting 12 trees can
offset one year’s worth of a person’s entire carbon dioxide
emissions.

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