chromosomal-karyotypes.pptx
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Chromosomal karyotypes provide a photographic arrangement of a cell's complete set of chromosomes. They are important for identifying genetic disorders by showing the number and appearance of chromosomes. Karyotypes are created by staining chromosomes during cell division, arranging them by size and banding pattern, and photographing them. This allows chromosomes to be identified and any abnormalities to be detected that could cause genetic conditions.
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chromosomal-karyotypes.pptx
Chromosomes contain DNA and have a characteristic banding pattern that allows their identification. A karyotype is a photographic arrangement of a cell's complete set of chromosomes that is used to identify chromosomal variations. It is obtained by staining chromosomes during cell division and arranging them by size and banding pattern. Karyotypes are important for identifying genetic disorders caused by changes in chromosome number or structure.
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This document provides an overview of cytogenetics, which is the study of chromosomes and their role in heredity and disease. It discusses key cytogenetics concepts like karyotyping, different types of chromosome abnormalities including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. It also describes common aneuploidy disorders caused by nondisjunction during meiosis like Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18). The goal of cytogenetic analysis is to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities and locate abnormal chromosomal regions/DNA sequences.
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Chromosomes condense and become visible during cell division. They carry genes and act as units of inheritance. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes, which are XX in females and XY in males. Chromosomes are made of DNA, RNA, proteins and can be classified based on features like centromere position. Karyotyping involves capturing chromosome images during cell division and arranging them into a standardized layout called a karyotype based on length, centromere position, etc. This allows identifying normal or abnormal chromosome numbers and structures.
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chromosomal-karyotypes.pptx
Chromosomes contain DNA and have a characteristic banding pattern that allows their identification. A karyotype is a photographic arrangement of a cell's complete set of chromosomes that is used to identify chromosomal variations. It is obtained by staining chromosomes during cell division and arranging them by size and banding pattern. Karyotypes are important for identifying genetic disorders caused by changes in chromosome number or structure.
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Chromosomes condense and become visible during cell division. They carry genes and act as units of inheritance. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes, which are XX in females and XY in males. Chromosomes are made of DNA, RNA, proteins and can be classified based on features like centromere position. Karyotyping involves capturing chromosome images during cell division and arranging them into a standardized layout called a karyotype based on length, centromere position, etc. This allows identifying normal or abnormal chromosome numbers and structures.
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Karyotyping involves taking photographs of chromosomes to determine an individual's chromosome number and identify any abnormalities. The complete set of chromosomes is called the karyotype. Chromosomes are arranged in pairs ordered by size and centromere position in a standard format called a karyogram. Karyotyping is used to identify structural chromosome changes like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, as well as numerical changes like aneuploidy where chromosomes are added or deleted. Banding techniques stain chromosomes to reveal patterns used to diagnose chromosomal disorders.
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A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell and can provide information about an organism's species. Key features used to characterize karyotypes include chromosome size, centromere position, and banding patterns. Karyotypes can be symmetric or asymmetric and are often represented visually using idiograms or karyograms. Analysis techniques like G-banding stain chromosomes to reveal identifying patterns. Comparing karyotypes across species provides insights into evolutionary mechanisms like centric fusion and fission that alter chromosome counts. In primates, chromosomal changes like the fusion that formed human chromosome 2 are important in lineage evolution.
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Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their structure, number, function, and inheritance patterns. Chromosomes can be analyzed using cytogenetic methods like karyotyping to detect genetic abnormalities that may cause conditions ranging from minor issues to birth defects and cancer. Karyotyping involves harvesting cells during mitosis, staining the chromosomes, arranging them into a picture called a karyotype based on size, centromere placement, and banding patterns to identify abnormalities. This allows detection of errors like deletions, extra chromosomes, or single base mutations that can have varying health impacts.
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Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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chromosomal-karyotypes.pptx
- 1. Chromosomal Karyotypes Dawn Adams Cytogenetics CDC’s 2003 Science Ambassador Program
- 2. Overview I. Chromosomes A. Definition B. Structure C. Identification II. Karyotypes A. Definition B. Methods C. Staining D. Importance
- 3. Chromosomes Definition Genetic structures of cells containing DNA Identification Each chromosome has a characteristic length and banding pattern
- 4. The breakdown of a Chromosome Each autosome is numbered from 1-22, sex chromosomes either X or Y p arm (short arm) q arm (long arm) Centromere
- 5. Chromosome Labeling Example - 1q2.4 The first chromosome, long arm, second region of the chromosome, the fourth band of that sub-region Chromosome is identified with a number ranging 1-22, or X and Y Each arm divided into sub-regions and identified by a number Each sub- region divided into bands identified with a number
- 6. A Karyotype Definition A photographic arrangement of a complete set of chromosomes of a cell or organism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 X Y
- 7. Obtaining a Sample Fetal samples for karyotypes are commonly obtained in two ways 1.Amniocentesis – sample taken from the fluid of the amniotic sac 2.Chorionic Villus Sampling – sample taken from the fetal tissue that forms part of the placenta
- 8. Obtaining a Karyotype Chromosomes are stained for easy visualization Light microscope used to view chromosomes in metaphase of mitosis Chromosomes arranged into homologous pairs based on size and banding patterns
- 9. Staining Banding patterns can be visually identified on chromosomes after staining. Traditional Types G-Banding – Giemsa stain Q-Banding – Fluorescent stain R-Banding – Reverse Giemsa stain New Type Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization techniques
- 10. Importance of Karyotypes Karyotypes show the chromosomal makeup of an individual. Knowing the number of chromosomes is essential for identifying chromosomal variations that cause genetic disorders.
- 11. References 1. Fairbanks, D. J., Anderson, W. R. Genetics: The Continuity of Life. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1999. 2. NIH. Amniocentesis [online]. 2004. [cited 2004 Feb 6]. Available from URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00392 1.htm. 3. NIH. Chorionic villus sampling [online]. 2004. [cited 2004 Feb 6]. Available from URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/ency/article/003406.htm. 4. Campbell, N. A. Biology. 3rd ed. Redwood City, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.; 1993.
- 12. References (continued) 5. On-line medical dictionary. G-banding: Banding pattern. 1997. [cited 2004 Feb 6]. Available from URL: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?G-banding. 6. On-line medical dictionary. Q-banding. 2000. [cited 2004 Feb 6]. Available from URL: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query=q- banding. 7. On-line medical dictionary. R-banding stain. 2000. [cited 2004 Feb 6]. Available from URL: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?R- banding+stain. 8. National Human Genome Research Institute, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). 2004 [cited 2004 Feb 6]. Available from URL: http://www.genome.gov/10000206.