x ray spectroscopy

1. Presented By:-
Pallavi Sisodia
M.Sc I.C.A (3rd semester)
JIWAJI UNIVESITY

2. 
 Introduction
 Production of x-ray
 X-ray absorption spectroscopy
 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
 Instrumentation
 Detectors
 Applications
 References
CONTENTS

3. •X-rays are short-wavelength electromagnetic
radiation .
• X-rays have a wavelength in range of 0.01–10 nm.
Analytical range – 0.7-2 Angstrom
• X- Ray spectroscopy is based upon measurement of
emission, absorption, scattering, fluorescence and
diffraction of electromagnetic radiation.

4. Produced in three ways:
1. By bombardment of a metal target with a beam of high
energy electrons
2. By exposure to primary beam of X-rays to generate
secondary X-Rays
3. By employment of radioactive source whose decay
process results in X-Ray emission.

5. • An x-ray is absorbed by an atom
when the energy of the x-ray is
transferred to a core-level
electron (K, L, or M shell) which is
ejected from the atom.
• The atom is left in an excited state
with an empty electronic level (a
core hole). Any excess energy from
the x-ray is given to the ejected
photoelectron.

6. Principle of XAS is Lambert Beer’s law .
Transmission of X-rays are given
by formula :–
• It=Io exp(-μt)
Where , t is thickness of material
μ is linear absorption coefficient
It = intensity of transmitted radiation
Io= intensity of incident radiation

7. • X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) can be considered in a
simple three step process occurring at the atomic
level:
1. An incoming X-Ray knocks out an electron
from one of the orbitals surrounding the
nucleus within an atom of the material.
2. A hole is produced in the orbital, resulting in a
high energy, unstable configuration for the
atom.
3. To restore equilibrium, an electron from a
higher energy, outer orbital falls into the hole.
Since this is a lower energy position, the excess
energy is emitted in the form of a fluorescent X-
Ray.

9. • Gas – Filled detector
• Scintillation detector
• Solid state detector

10. X-ray
Spectroscopy
Applications
Thickness
determination
Internal
Impurities
detection
Mining (e.g.,
measuring the
grade of ore)
Determination of
bond length and
bond angles
Ceramic and
glass
manufacturing
Detect broken
bones

11. • Organic spectroscopy, Willaim Kemp
• Instrumental method of chemical analysis
• Instrumental method of chemical analysis. Wilard
•https://www.slideshare.net/solairajananant/xray-spectroscopy-13887430
•http://sydney.edu.au/science/chemistry/facilities/xray/xray-
applications.shtml