Non Conventional Energy Sources in India

Praveen Kumar
Assistant Professor
Deptt. of Electrical Engg
BIT Sindri
Non Conventional Energy Sources
in
India
1

Overview of Non Con. Energy Resources in India
 Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat and biomass
including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy.
 All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental
pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.
2
Praveen Kumar, Assistant Professor, BIT Sindri

Non-conventional Energy scenario in India
Government created the Department of Non-conventional EnergySources(DNES) in 1982. In 1992afull fledged
Ministry of Non-conventional EnergySourceswas establishedunder the overall chargeof thePrime Minister.
Therangeof its activitiescover:
1. Promotion of renewableenergytechnologies,
2. Createanenvironment conduciveto promote renewableenergy technologies,
3. Createanenvironment conducivefor theircommercialization,
4. Renewableenergyresourceassessment,
5. Researchanddevelopment,
6. Demonstration,
7. Production of biogasunits, solarthermal devices,solarphotovoltaics, cookstoves,wind energyandsmall
hydropowerunits
3

Non renewable vs. Renewable
 Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable.
Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed non renewable.
 Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or
greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.
 Non renewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which
they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
4

Dependency on Fossil fuels
 Because they are fossil fuels they do have a life
expectancy.
 Burning fossil fuels has increased atmospheric pollution.
 The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released as carbon
dioxide when they are burnt – this leads to the green house
effect and global warming.
5

Sector wise Consumption of Electricity,Natural
Gas, Petroleum products during 2011-12
6
Reference: Energy Statistics 2013Praveen Kumar, Assistant Professor, BIT Sindri

Amount of NCES Production In India
Ref: WikipediaTotal Power production in GWPraveen Kumar, Assistant Professor, BIT Sindri
7

Per Capita Energy Consumption In India
8

The Current Scenario of India
9
 Power Installed Capacity : 370.106 GW
 Energy Generation (p.a.) : 7,57,946 MU
 Per Capita Power Consumption : 804.51 kWh (2014)

10

Areas of Existence : Solar Energy
 Solar Energy Data:
As Solar Energy (i.e. Sunlight) is Distributed
equally in all areas, so there is no specific area
defined.
11

Radiant Energy
12

Major uses of Solar Energy
 Heating Water
 Space Heating
 Generating Electrical Energy
13
Solar Cooker:
 The box type solar cooker has an
insulated box painted black inside.
 It is covered by a glass plate which
allows heat to enter inside but does not
allow heat to escape out.
 It has a mirror to reflect more sunlight
into the box.
 It can produce a temperature of 100° to
140°.
Solar Water Heater:
 A solar water heater has an insulated box
painted black inside with a system of
copper tubes.
 It is covered with a glass plate which
allows heat to enter inside but does not
allow heat to escape out.
 When water flows through the copper
tube it absorbs heat and becomes hot.Praveen Kumar, Assistant Professor, BIT Sindri

Passive Solar
These homes in Montana and California with a passive
solar design heats the home in the winter.
14

Solar Cell
 Device which converts solar energy into
electrical energy.
 Solar cells are made from semi conductors like
silicon, germanium, gallium etc.
 A single solar cell produces a voltage of about
0.5 to 1 V and produces about 0.7 W electricity.
 several solar cells are arranged in a solar panel
to produce more electricity.
15

Scope of Solar Energy in India
 Solar power in India is a fast
developing industry.
 The country's solar installed
capacity reached 37.627 GW as
of 31 March 2020.
 In 2015 the target was raised to
100 GW of solar capacity
(including 40 GW from
rooftop solar) by 2022.
16
 Karnataka tops the list of states with the highest installed solar power generation capacity in
the country. The state's total solar capacity at the end of 2018 stood at 5,328 megawatt (MW).

Advantages & Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Advantages:
 Clean, abundant, ever-lasting & available
almost everywhere.
 Sustainable (can be used for longer
duration)
 Free of cost
 Provide Electricity to Remote Places
17
Disadvantages:
 Inefficient – maximum efficiency up to
30%.
 Costly equipment.
 Part Time.
 High maintenance cost

18
Wind Energy

Areas of Existence : Wind Energy
 Wind Energy Data:
The leading States are
 Rajasthan
 Gujarat
 Madhya Pradesh
 Maharashtra
 Karnataka
 Tamil Nadu
 Andhra Pradesh &
 Odisha
 West Bengal
19

Overview : Wind Energy
 Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of
the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
 The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity
 large number of wind mills in a large area are coupled together to produce more electricity
in wind energy farms.
 The minimum wind speed required is15km/hr.
 At present Wind power potential of India is 1020 MW
 Largest wind farm is near Kanyakumari in Tamilnadu generate 380 MW electricity
20

Common Wind Turbine Construction
 Blades are connected to a hub, which is
connected to a shaft
 Rotational speed will depend on blade
geometry, number of blades, and wind
speed (40 to 400 revolutions per
minute typical speed range)
 Gear box needed to increase speed to
1200-1800 RPM for generator
21

Contd:
Location of wind farms
 Mountains or hilly areas
 It can be build even on sea
sides or oceans
22
 3D View of 1.5 mw turbine

Sizes and Applications
23
Small (<10 kW)
• Homes
• Farms
• Remote Application
Intermediate (10-250 kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power
Large (660 kW – 2 MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind

Advantages & Disadvantages of Wind Energy
Advantages:
 It is a renewable source ofenergy.
 It does not cause pollution.
 The recurring cost is less.
 Once the wind turbine is built the energy it
produces does notcause green house gases.
24
Disadvantages:
 Wind is not available at all
times.
 It requires a large area ofland.
 A minimum wind speed of 15
km/h is required

22
Location Of hydro powerPlants
 Generally located near rivers
 Dams
 Streams
 High pressure water sources

Areas of Existence : Hydro Energy
 Hydro energy Data:
The map shows the places where Hydro
Power plants are located.
 The Largest Hydro Power plant is
located at Hirakud ( 15 Km. from
Sambalpur ) in Odisha.
 The Hirakud Dam is 4.8 Km in Length
and power generation is about 347.5 MW
(Installed capacity)
26
Hirakud
Dam

Hydro power plants
 In hydro power plantswaterfrom rivers arestored byconstructing
dams.
 Micro hydro systems arehydroelectric power installationsthattypically
produce upto 100 kW of power.
 They areoftenusedinwaterrich areasas a remote-areapower supply
(RAPS).
 Run-of-the-riverhydroelectricitysystems derivekineticenergyfrom
rivers and oceanswithout usinga dam.
27

Working Of Water Wheels
 The water strikes the wheel about mid-way up
so the inertia and the weight of the water push
the wheel around.
28

Advantages & Disadvantages of Hydro Energy
Advantages:
 It is a renewable source of energy.
 It does not cause pollution.
 The recurring cost is less.
 Once the wind turbine is built the
energy it produces does not cause
green house gases.
29
Disadvantages:
 The initial cost is high..
 Large areas of land gets submerged
and the decomposition of vegetation
produces methane gas which is a
green house gas.
 It causes displacement of people from
large areas of land

Bio-Gas Plant
 Mixture of gases containing methane,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen
sulphide.
 It is produced by anaerobic degradation
ofanimalwaste.
 Anaerobic degradation means break
down of organic matter by bacteria in the
absenceof oxygen.
 Thebiogasplanthasalargeunderground
tankmadeofbricksand cement.
 The lower part is the digester and the
upperparthasadomewithagas outlet.
30

31
Contd:
 Animal dung is mixed with water in the mixing tank and the slurry is sent into the digester.
 The gas is taken out through the gas outlet and used for heating and lighting purposes.
 The slurry left behind is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus and is used as manure for crops.
 From cattle dung alone we can produce biogas of a magnitude of 22,500 MW annually.
 A sixty cubic feet gobar gas plant can serve the needs of one average family.
 This gas contains 55 – 70 percent methane, which is inflammable and it is generally used as
cooking gas and for generation of electricity.

Advantages of Bio-gas Energy
 Clean, non-polluting and cheap
 Direct supply of gas from tank.
 No maintenance cost
 Does not cause any health hazard.
 Provides us both the fuel and the manure
32

33

The Tides
 Tides are the rise and
fall of sea levels due to
combined effect of the
Moon , the Sun and
rotation of the Earth.
34
High
Tide
Low
Tide

Tidal Energy
 Produced by gravitational forces of sun and moon.
 Produced by making the use of water movement from a
high tide to a low tide.
 The high tide to a low tide refers to the rise and fall of
water in the ocean.
 A difference of several meters is required between the high
and low tide.
 Ocean waves and tides can be made to turn a turbine and
generate electricity.
 Areas where rivers flow into the sea experience waves and
tides and electricity can be generated there. It has much
potential.
35

36
 As you know we have a large coastline and major river systems in our country, electricity
canbegeneratedonalarge scalefromwavesandtides.
 Theperiodicriseandfallofsealevelduetogravitational attractionofthemooncausestides.
 ATidalbarrageisconstructedatanarrowopeningbetween thelandandsea.
 The movement of water during high tide and low tide can be used to rotate the turbines of
generatorstoproduce electricity.
 Tidalpowersiteinindia:- Gulfofcambay, Gulfof Kutchandthe Sunderbansdelta.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Tidal Energy
Advantages:
 Predictable source of “green“ energy during lifetime
of barrage
 It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it
needs no fuel.
 Not expensive to maintain.
 Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting
the potential energy of the water into electricity
 Vertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together
in series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable of
generating electricity on a scale comparable to the
largest existing fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and
nuclear energy generation facilities.
37
Disadvantages:
 A barrage across an estuary is very
expensive to build, and affects a very
wide area – the environment is changed
for many miles upstream and
downstream
 It provides power for around 10 hours
each day, when the tide is actually
moving in or out, which is not very
much
 Existing ecosystems would be heavily
altered, with new species moving in and
perhaps dominating old species
 Tidal power schemes have a high capital
cost

38
Geothermal Energy

Earth’s Layers
 At the center is a core of
molten iron.
 Around that is an outer core
of iron and rock so hot that
rock is in molted state. The
liquid rock is called magma .
 The next layer is a mixture
of rock and magma called
the mantle .
 The shell of the earth – with
the oceans and mountains -
is called the crust.
39

Geothermal Energy
 Geothermal comes from the Greek words
Ge (earth) and thermos (hot).
 Thus, geothermal energy means heat inside
the earth.
 It means the energy harnessed from the hot
rocks present inside the earth.
 At the core, temperatures may reach over
9,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
40

41
 High temperature, high pressure steam fields exit below the earth’s surface in
many places.
 This heat comes from the fission of radioactive material naturally present in the
rocks.
 The deeper regions of the earth’s crust is very hot. This heat melts rocks and
forms magma.
 The magma moves up and collects below at some places called Hot spots.
 The underground water in contact with hot spot gets heated into steam at high
pressure.
 By drilling holes into hot spots the steam coming out can be used to rotate
turbines of generators to produce electricity.
 There are 46 hydrothermal areas in India where the water temperature normally
exceeds 150 degree centigrade.
 Electricity can be generated from these hot springs.
 In many places the hot water comes out of the ground through cracks in the
form of Natural geysers:E.g. Manikaran, Kullu and sohana, Haryana.
 Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet
(20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).

How to Use Geo thermal Energy
 Today, power plants use steam
from geothermal wells to make
electricity.
 The steam is used to spin turbines.
 The turbines spin magnets in coils
of copper wire to make electricity.
42

Advantages of Geothermal Energy
 Significant Cost Saving : Geothermal energy generally involves low
running costs since it saves 80% costs over fossil fuels and no fuel is
used to generate the power.
 Environmental Benefits: helped in reducing global warming and
pollution , does not create any pollution as No fuel is burned.
 The steam is turned into water and put back into the earth.
 Geothermal energy is cheap – new power plants can make electricity
for about the same as coal power plants.
 Direct Use: Since ancient times, people having been using this source
of energy for taking bath, heating homes, preparing food and today
this is also used for direct heating of homes and offices.
 Job Creation and Economic Benefits.
43

Conclusion: Development, Energy and Climate
 India’s Energy uses and emissions are low compared to industrialized countries….
BUT
 We need to search for Sustainable development options for India quickly due to factors
like
Constraints on energy use, arising from
(a) limited domestic energy resources
(b) climate constraints and
(c) land, water and social issues related to energy projects
44

Reduce Energy Requirement
 Indian economic growth, well-being of people is constrained by energy.
 Large potential of Energy Efficiency needs to be actualized
 Link energy tariff to energy consumption norm for Commercial buildings
 Industry: discourage inefficient plants from setting up
 Stop wastage of energy.
 Creating awareness among people regarding wise and judicious use of energy.
 More use of bio-mass based energy
 Emphasis on use of renewable sources of energy.
 Appliances:Assist manufacturers to introduce Super EfficientAppliances
(as poor Indian consumers are very cost sensitive)
45

THANK YOU
BIT SINDRI
46
Email: kumar.iitism@gmail.com

Non Conventional Energy Sources in India

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Non Conventional Energy Sources in India

Similar to Non Conventional Energy Sources in India (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Non Conventional Energy Sources in India