This document provides an overview of the course content for BMB 2101: Metabolism and Human Nutrition. The 3-credit course covers topics related to bioenergetics including definitions, types of bioenergetic reactions, metabolism, laws of bioenergetics, free energy, entropy, the TCA cycle, ATP-ADP cycle, and ATP as an energy carrier. The course aims to explain how energy is transferred and involved in chemical bond formation in cells, tissues, and organisms. Key areas of study are cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and how food energy is released and converted to ATP.

1. BMB 2101: Metabolism and Human Nutrition
(Theory)
Credit: 3
Course Content: Bioenergetics
Md. Mahdi Hasan Seen
ID: 1902011
Faculty of Agriculture
Khulna Agricultural University

2.  Definition, importance, objectives & working with
examples
 Types of bioenergetics reactions ( Exergonic and
Endergonic
 Types of metabolism (anabolism & catabolism)
 Laws of bioenergetics
 Free energy in bioenergetics
 Enthalpy and Entropy in bioenergetics
 TCA cycle
 ATP-ADP cycle
 ATP is an universal energy carrier

3.  Bioenergetics is the study of biochemistry
that concern energy flow in living systems
(environments) and the organisms (plants and
animals) that utilize them.
 All activities of living organisms involve flow
of energy through living systems as well as
changes in energy.
 ie. release, storage and use of energy in living
cells

4.  the German physician J. R. Mayer, who
discovered the law of the conservation and
transformation of energy (1841) in human
body, may be considered the beginning
of bioenergetics.

5.  to know how energy is transferred in cells,
tissues, and organisms.
 To know producing, storing or consuming
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 to know cellular respiration orphotosynthesis
 To understand how energy involved in making
and breaking of chemical bonds in the
molecules

6.  to know the tow Thermodynamics laws
(energy exchange)
 To understand how the energy of food stuff
are released & converted into the ATP
 To describe Chemiosmotic theory of ATP
synthesis
 To describe the function of ETC complexes

8. • Capacity to perform work
• Two examples:
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy

9. • Energy in the process of doing work.
• Energy of motion.
• Examples:
1. Heat
2. Light energy SUN

10. • Energy that matter occupies because of it’s
location, arrangement, or position.
• Energy of position.
• Examples:
1. Water behind a dam
2. Chemical energy (gas)
খুলনা কৃ ষি ষিশ্বষিদ্যালয়
GAS

11. * Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose
into pyruvate
 produces two molecules of ATP (per 1 molecule of
glucose)
 produces NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
* Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis;
 when the cell's energy charge is low (the concentration
of ADP is higher than ATP), synthesize glucose from
carbon- containing biomolecules such as proteins,
amino, acids, fats,pyruvate, etc .

12.  For example, proteins can be broken down into
amino acids, and these simpler carbon skeletons
are used to build/ synthesize glucose.
 The citric acid cycle is a process of cellular
respiration in which acetyl coenzyme A,
synthesized from pyruvate dehydrogenase, is first
reacted with oxaloacetate to yield citrate
 reduced coenzymes FADH2 and NADH
 Ketosis is a metabolic process whereby ketone
bodies are used by the cell for energy (instead of
using glucose) when glucose level is low.

13.  Oxidative phosphorylation and the
electron transport chain is the process
where reducing equivalents such as NADPH, FADH2
and NADH can be used to donate electrons to a
series of redox reactions that take place in
electron transport chain complexes which is
coupled to the proton motive force.
 Photosynthesis, another major
bioenergetic process, is the metabolic pathway
used by plants in which solar energy is used to
synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water

18.  Cells use thousands of different chemical
reactions
this is what is referred to by the term metabolism

19. Cellular Metabolism
• In general, metabolism can be split into 2 groups of
reactions:
Catabolism, which breaks down molecules,
releasing energy. Some of the energy is
captured in the bonds of ATP
Anabolism, which uses energy from ATP to
synthesize large molecules, including
molecules
Exergonic and Endergonic reactions

20. It occurs in the cytosol

21. Its chief site is the mitochondria

22. ANAEROBIC
Anaerobes produce
energy only by this
pathway due to
absence of Oxygen and
this process is called
sugar Fermentation.
AEROBIC
Itoccures in the4
cytoplasm. The
organism using
oxygen are called
aerobes

23. Laws of Thermodynamics
The study of energy transformations
that occur in a collection of matter.
Two Laws:
1. First Law of Thermodynamics
2. Second Law of Thermodynamics

24. • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but
only converted to other forms.
• This means that the amount of energy in the
universe is constant.

27.  All energy transformations are inefficient
because every reaction results in an increase
in entropy and the loss of usable energy as
heat
• Entropy: the amount of disorder in a system.
• However living organisms are open systems. They exchange
both material and energy with their surroundings
• Living systems are never at equilibrium with their surroundings

28.  Gibbs free energy (G): G expresses the
amount of energy capable of doing work
during a reaction at constant temperature
and pressure.
• When a reaction proceeds with the release of
free energy (that is, when the system changes
so as to posses less free energy) ΔG has a
negative value and the reaction is said to be
exergonic

29.  • In endergonic reactions, the system gains
free energy and ΔG is positive
 • The unit of ΔG is joules/mole or
calories/mole

30. • Enthalpy (H): H is the heat content of the reacting
system. H reflects the number and kinds of chemical
bounds in the reactants and products.
• When a chemical reaction releases heat, it is said to be
exothermic, the heat content of the products is less than
that of the reactants and ΔH has a negative value
• Reacting systems that take up heat from their
surroundings are endothermic and have positive values
of ΔH
• The unit of ΔH is joules/mole or calories/mole

31. • Entropy (S): S is a quantitative expression for
the randomness or a disorder in a system
• The unit of ΔS is joules/mole.Kelvin
• Under the constant temperature and pressure
changes in free energy, enthalpy and entropy
in biological systems are related to each
other by the equation
• ΔG= ΔH - TΔS

32.  • ΔG= ΔH - TΔS
 • ΔG= Change in Gibbs free energy of the
reacting system (G products– G reactives)
 • ΔH= Change in enthalpy of the reacting
system( H products – H reactives)
 • T= Absolute temperature
 • ΔS= Change in entropy of the reacting
system( S products – S reactives)

33. VC_KAU

34.  History
 Definition
 Reactions
 Significance
 Functions
 Rate controlling Enzyme
 Regulation of activity

35. History
 Discovered by Hans Krebs
in 1937
 Received the Nobel Prize
in 1953 Hans Krebs 1900-1981
* Ogsten and potter showed that TCA formed
was citric acid .

36.  The citric acid cycle – also known as the TCA
(Tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle –
 It is a series of chemical reactions in mitochondria
used by all aerobic organisms to release stored
energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA
 derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins,
into adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide.
 Site- Mitochondrial matrix

37. TCA
cycle

48. Rate controlling enzymes
Citrate synthatase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
a-keoglutaratedehydrogenase
Regulation of activity by:
Substrate availability
Product inhibition
Allosteric inhibition or activation by other
intermediates

51.  IN 1929 LOHMANN, FISKE AND SUBBAROW published
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is
the energy currency of a cell
 serving as the ready and
immediate donor of free
energy.
 It is composed of the sugar ribose, ATP
the nitrogenous base adenine,
and three phosphate group.

52. Adenosine Tri-phosphate

53. • ATP transfer energy
from the breakdown
of food molecules to
cell function.
• Energy is released
when phosphate group
(P) is removed
• ADP is charge into ATP when phosphate group (P)
is added

54. 1. ATP contains MORE energy than ADP
because it has more bonds.
2. When a phosphate is REMOVED energy is
RELEASED.
3. When a phosphate is ADDED energy is
NEEDED.

55. •Energy: up to 36 ATP
molecules (1 glucose)
•Most commonly broken
down to make ATP
•Not stored in large
amounts

56. •Energy: about 146 ATP
molecules (triglyceride)
• Lipids store the most
energy
• 80% of the enrgy in our body

57. •Energy: about 36 ATP molecules BUT…
•Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make
ATP,
•Amino acids not
usually needed for
energy

60. Why is ATP considered the
universal energy currency of cells
why not other nucleotides like
CTP, UTP etc ?

61. • The other nucleotides -GTP, CTP and
UTP , do participate in metabolic
reactions but the ease with which ATP
can donate single phosphate, two
phosphates, or even Adenosine moiety
is considered a better nucleotide in
energy transfer reactions.

62. Thank
You
A
Green
Day
Have