This course is medical terminology and the system is digestive system

1. The Digestive System
Medical terminology
Digestive System
Lecturer : Dr.Abdirahim Xiis
1

2. 2
Objectives
Objectives
Objectives
After studying this chapter, student should be able to:
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Name the parts of the digestive system and discuss the
function of each part
Define combining forms used in building words that relate to
the digestive system
Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and
laboratory tests used in treating the digestive system.

3. 3
Objectives Part 2
Objectives cont'd
Objectives cont'd
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List and define the major pathological conditions of the
digestive system
Explain the meaning of surgical terms related to the
digestive system
Recognize common pharmacological agents used in
treating disorders of the digestive system

4. Introduction
•
•
the digestive system is based on a
perception that this body system
(resembling a long conveyor with the
mouth at the entrance and anus at the exit)
is one of the more straightforward and
easiest to learn and understand.
The digestive system is divided the
anatomy, physiology, pathology, and basic
terminology of the system.

5. •
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The function of the digestive system is to
prepare food for intake by body cells.
Nutrients must be broken down by
mechanical and chemical means into
molecules that are small enough to be
absorbed into the circulation.
Within cells, the nutrients are used for
energy and for rebuilding vital cell
components.

6. •
•
•
•
Digestion takes place in the digestive tract
proper, also called the alimentary canal or
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Also contributing to the digestive process
are several accessory organs that release
secretions into the small intestine.
Food is moved through the digestive tract
by peristalsis, wavelike contractions of the
organ walls.
Peristalsis also moves undigested waste
material out of the body.

7. 26-7
Organs of the Digestive System
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Composed of two separate categories of organs:
digestive organs
Mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Rectum
Anus
accessory digestive organs
Salivary glands
Teeth
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas

8. 8
Organs of the Digestive
System
Organs of the
Digestive System
Structure and Function
Structure and Function Parotid
salivary
gland
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
Large intestine
Duodenum
Gall bladder
Liver
Submandibular
salivary gland
Sublingual
salivary gland
Tooth
Tongue
Mouth

9. Food Pathway through the GI Tract (cont’d)
Food enters
through the
oral cavity and
exits through
the anus.

10. 10
Parts of the Alimentary Canal
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
The Digestive System
Consists of the alimentary canal and several accessory
organs.
Parts of the
Alimentary Canal
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
anal canal
large intestine
small intestine

11. functional summary of git tract
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The digestive or gastrointestinal tract begins
with the mouth, where food enters, and
ends with the anus, where solid waste
material leaves the body.
The four functions of the system are
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination and excretion.

12. Ingestion and Digestion
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Ingestion—food material taken into mouth
Digestion—food is broken down, mechanically
and chemically, as it travels through the
gastrointestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex
nutrients.
Proteins →amino acids
Sugars → glucose
Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides

13. Absorption
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Digested food passes into the bloodstream
through lining cells of the small intestine.
Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in
food.

14. Elimination
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The body eliminates solid waste
materials that cannot be absorbed into
bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates and
transports feces.
The wastes pass out of the body through
the anus.

15. 15
Mouth
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Mouth
The lips protect the mouth from receiving
food that is too hot or too rough on the
surface.
•
•
The mouth is also called the oral cavity
Food is taken into the mouth and chewed with the assistance
of the cheek muscles
lips

16. 
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Collectively known as the dentition
Adapted for mechanical
digestion (mastication) in the
oral cavity .
20 deciduous or primary teeth
before the age of 6.
By age 7, 32 permanent or
secondary teeth are developed
& are divided into 4 types:
incisors (for cutting)
Canines (for tearing)
Premolars (for crushing)
Molars (for grinding). 26-16
Teeth

17. 17
The Tongue
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
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•
Small raised areas called papillae are located on the
tongue and they contain taste buds.
The frenulum connects the tongue to the floor of the
mouth.
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•
Process of chewing is called
mastication
The tongue moves the food
around to prepare it for deglutition
(swallowing)
tongue
. .
.. ..

18. 18
Mouth Part 2
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Mouth (cont’d)
Hard palate
•Hard anterior
portion of the
palate with
irregular ridges of
mucous
membranes called
rugae
Soft palate
•Soft posterior portion
of the palate. A
downward cone shaped
projection called the
uvula is located at the
back of the soft palate
Both the lingual tonsils and the palatine tonsils are located
in the oral cavity and these play an important role in the
immune system.

19. 19
Salivary Glands
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Salivary Glands
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parotid
submandibular
sublingual
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Digestion of food begins in the mouth with mastication.
Teeth are held in place by the fleshy sockets called gums.
Submandibular gland
Parotid gland
Tongue
Tooth
Sublingual
gland

20. 20
Pharynx
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Pharynx
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Muscular tube about 5 inches long in adults
Also known as the throat
Transmits food into the esophagus
The epiglottis (a flap of tissue) covers the trachea to prevent
food from entering the larynx during swallowing which causes
choking

21. 21
Esophagus
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•
Muscular tube about 9 to10 inches long in the adult that
contracts rhythmically (peristalsis) to propel food toward
the stomach
Contains a group of muscles called the lower
esophageal sphincter that closes off the entrance to the
stomach to prevent reflux of food, emesis or
regurgitation (vomiting).
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Esophagus

22. 22
Stomach
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Stomach
•
•
Pouchlike organ located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal
cavity
Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it with gastric juices to
form a semifluid mass called chyme
Gastric Juice Function
pepsin digests most proteins
hydrochloric acid
provides acidic environment for the
action of pepsin
mucus protects inside of stomach wall by
providing an alkaline layer

23. 23
Stomach Regions
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Cardiac Region
-region closest to the heart
Fundus
-upper rounded portion
Body
-middle portion
Pylorus
-narrowed bottom portion that
empties into the small intestine.
The pyloric sphincter controls the
emptying of the stomach.
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Stomach Regions
Pyloric region
of stomach
Duodenum
Rugae
Fundus of
stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Esophagus
Body of
Stomach
Cardiac region
of stomach

24. 24
Small Intestine
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Small Intestine
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Consists of three parts:
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
Held in place by the mesentery
which is a muscular membranous
tissue that anchors both the small
and large intestines to the abdominal
wall
First site of absorption and nutrients
pass from the intestinal walls and
into the bloodstream through the villi Ileum
Appendix
Cecum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Stomach

25. 25
Large Intestine
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Large Intestine
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Consists of four parts:
-cecum
-colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
Undigested waste may remain in the
large intestine from 12 to 24 hours
A wormlike pouch (appendix) filled with
lymphatic tissue extends from the
cecum
Process of turning waste material into
a semisolid waste (feces) begins in the
cecum

26. 26
Large Intestine Part 2
Large Intestine (cont’d)
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•
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Colon consists of three parts:
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
Sigmoid colon is an s-shaped
structure that connects to the
rectum
Rectum connects to the anal
canal
Release of feces from the body
is called defecation
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Rectum
Anal canal
Sigmoid colon
Vermiform appendix
Cecum
Ileocecal
valve
Ascending
colon
Transverse
colon
Ileum
Descending
colon

27. Liver, Gallbladder, and
Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas

28. 28
Liver
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Liver
Located in the right quadrant of the
abdominal cavity
Divided into right and left lobes
Converts food nutrients into usable
substances
Secretes a yellowish-brown to greenish
substance called bile which is stored in the
gall bladder
Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
Secretes bilirubin, a bile pigment that is
combined with bile and excreted into the
duodenum
Inferior vena cava
Left lobe
Right lobe

29. 29
Gallbladder
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Gallbladder
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Stores bile from the liver
Three ducts connect the liver,
gallbladder, and duodenum
for the flow of bile (hepatic
duct, cystic duct, and
common bile duct)
Releases bile when it is
needed for the emulsification
(breakdown) of fat
Pancreas
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•
Secretes a pancreatic juice
that includes various
enzymes such as amylase
and lipase
Also an endocrine gland

30. The pancreas and its functions

31. Now it's...
Now it's...
Now it's...
Now it's...
QUIZ TIME!
QUIZ TIME!
QUIZTIME!
QUIZTIME!

32. On a sheet of paper, write the name of each colored organ:
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Green:
Red:
Pink:
Brown:
Purple:
Green:
Yellow:

33. How’d you do?
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Green: Esophagus
Red: Stomach
Pink: Small Intestine
Brown: Large Intestine
Purple: Liver
Green: Gall Bladder
Yellow: Pancreas
Great Job!

34. 34
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations (an)
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Form Meaning
an(o)
append(o)
bil(o)
bucc(o)
cec(o)
celi(o)
chol(e)
anus
appendix
bile
cheek
cecum
abdomen
bile

35. 35
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations (cholangi)
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Form Meaning
cholangi(o)
cholecyst(o)
choledoch(o)
col(o)
duoden(o)
enter(o)
esophag(o)
bile vessel
gallbladder
common bile duct
colon
duodenum
intestines
esophagus

36. 36
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations (gastr)
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Form Meaning
gastr(o)
gloss(o)
gluc(o)
glyc(o)
glycogen(o)
hepat(o)
ile(o)
stomach
tongue
glucose
sugar
glycogen
liver
ileum

37. 37
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations (jejun)
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Form Meaning
jejun(o)
labi(o)
lingu(o)
or(o)
pancreat(o)
periton(eo)
pharyng(o)
jejunum
lip
tongue
mouth
pancreas
peritoneum
pharynx

38. 38
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations (proct)
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Forms and Abbreviations
Combining Form Meaning
proct(o)
pylor(o)
rect(o)
sial(o)
sialaden(o)
sigmoid(o)
steat(o)
stomat(o)
anus, rectum
pylorus
rectum
saliva, salivary gland
salivary gland
sigmoid colon
fats
mouth

39. 39
Diagnostic, Procedural and
Laboratory Terms
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Gastroenterologists are physicians that specialize in treating the digestive
system
Common Tests
•Stool culture and sensitivity
•
-identifies the disease-causing organism
and what medications will effectively
destroy the organism
Hemoccult test (stool guaiac)
-chemical test done to indicate the
presence of bleeding in the digestive
tract

40. 40
Types of Endoscopes
Types of Endoscopes
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esophagoscopy
gastroscopy
colonoscopy
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proctoscopy
sigmoidoscopy
peritoneoscopy
X-rays and other Imaging Techniques
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MRI
CAT scan
Barium swallow
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Barium enema
Upper GI Series
Cholangiography
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Cholecystography
Liver scan
Ultrasound

41. 41
Serum Tests for Liver
Functioning
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Liver
Serum Tests for Liver Functioning
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Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
measures enzyme levels that have leaked from
damaged liver cells
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) also
known as an alanine transaminase (ALT), measures
for damaged cells
Serum bilirubin measures bilirubin in the blood as
an indicator of jaundice
Alkaline phosphatase indicator of liver disease,
especially liver cancer

42. 42
Nasogastric Tube
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Laboratory Terms
Nasogastric Tube
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•
Also referred to as NG tube
Used for the following
purposes:
-to relieve fluid buildup
-to take stomach content
samples
-to provide liquid
nourishment
Liquid food
(TPN)
Nostrils
Esophagus
Stomach

43. 43
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Eating Disorders
Anorexia
Bulimia
•Eating disorder excessive eating,
Obesity
• Excessive body weight that
often results from overeating
lack of appetite

44. 44
Oral Inflammatory Conditions
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Oral
Inflammatory
Conditions
Cheilitis
is inflammation of the lips
Glossitis
inflammation of tongue
Sialoadenitis
is inflammation of a salivary
gland
Parotitis
inflammation of a parotid
gland
Ascites
Accumulation of serous fluid in
the abdomen
Aphasia
refusal to swallow.
Dysphagia
Difficult of swallowing

45. 45
Diseases of the Pharynx
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Diseases of the Pharynx
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Esophageal varices
twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers
Esophagitis
any inflammation of the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux
malfunctioning of the sphincter muscle at the bottom of the esophagus
Achalasia
failure of the sphincter muscle at the bottom of the esophagus to relax
during swallowing

46. 46
Disorders of the Stomach
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Disorders of the Stomach
Achlorhydria
•Lack of hydrochloric acid
in the stomach
Dyspepsia
•Difficulty with digesting food
Gastritis
•Any stomach inflammation
Gastroenteritis
•Inflammation of both the
stomach and small intestine
Flatulence
•Accumulation of gas in the stomach
or intestines
Eructation
•Belching to release gas
Hematemesis
•Vomiting of blood from the
stomach
Hiatal hernia
•Protrusion of the stomach through
an opening in the diaphragm

47. 47
Liver Disorders
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Liver Disorders
Hyperbilirubinemia
Excessive bilirubin in the blood
causing a yellow discoloration
of the skin
Hepatomegaly
Enlarged liver
Hepatitis
Term for several types of
contagious diseases of the liver
Cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease caused by
poor nutrition and excessive
alcohol consumption

48. 48
Conditions of the Gallbladder
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Conditions of the Gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
-another term for gall stones
Cholangitis
-any inflammation of the bile ducts
Cholecystitis
-any inflammation of the gallbladder

49. 49
Disorders of the Intestines
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Disorders of the Intestines
Duodenal ulcers
•A form of peptic ulcer
thought to be bacterial in
origin
Appendicitis
•Inflammation of the appendix,
which lies on the side of the
duodenum, and becomes
inflamed if gastric substances
leak into it from the duodenum
Ileus
•An intestinal blockage
Colitis
General term for inflammation in the
small intestine
Ulcerative colitis
A chronic type of irritable bowel
disease

50. 50
Other Intestinal Conditions
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Other Intestinal Conditions
Diverticulosis
Presence of small pouches in
the intestinal wall that trap
food or bacteria
Dysentery
General term for inflammation
of the intestinal tract with
loose stools and other
symptoms such as abdominal
pain and weakness
Volvulus
Twisting of the intestine
that causes a blockage

51. 51
Intussusception
Pathological Terms
Pathological Terms
Intestinal Conditions (cont’d)
Intussusception
Prolapse of an intestinal part into a
neighboring part
Other Terms
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Peritonitis
Inflammation of peritonium
Proctitis
inflammation of the rectum and anus
Constipation
Hardness of stool
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Diarrhea
Incraesed fluidity of stool
flatus
Gas
Melena
Black stool
•Hemorrhoids
are swollen veins in the lowest
part of your rectum and anus
anal fistula
abnormal communication
between the epithelialised surface
of the anal canal and (usually)
the perianal skin
Steatorrhea
the excretion of abnormal
quantities of fat with the faeces

52. 52
Surgical Terms
Surgical Terms
Surgical Terms
Abdominocentesis
Incision into the intestinal tract
to relieve fluid pressure as in
ascites
Cholelithotomy
Incision for the removal of stones
Cholelithotripsy
Crushing of gallstones using
sound waves
Surgical Repair Procedures
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Cheiloplasty
Glossorrhaphy
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Esophagoplasty
Proctoplasty

53. 53
Surgical Terms Part 2
Surgical Terms
Surgical Terms
Procedures Requiring Removal
glossectomy
polypectomy
appendectomy
cholecystectomy
gastrectomy
colectomy
hemorrhoidectomy
pancreatectomy
Term Part (s) Removed
Removal of tongue
Removal of polyps
Removal of appendix
Removal gallbladder
Removal of stomach
Removal of colon
Removal of hemorrhoids
Removal of pancreas

54. 54
Surgical Terms Part 3
Surgical Terms
Surgical Terms
Openings may be made in the gastrointestinal tract for
temporary or permanent alternatives to waste elimination.
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•
ileostomy
-opening made in the ileum
to allow fecal material to
discharge into a bag outside
the body
colostomy
-opening in the colon to
create a place for waste to
exit the body other than
through the anus

55. 55
Pharmacological Terms
Pharmacological Terms
Pharmacological Terms
Medications Used to Treat the Digestive System
Antacid
•Neutralizes stomach acid
Antidiarrheal
•Controls loose stools
Antiemetic
•Prevents regurgitation
Antispasmodic
•Calms spasms of the GI tract

56. 56
Pharmacological Terms Part 2
Pharmacological Terms
Pharmacological Terms
Medications Used to Treat the Digestive System (cont’d)
Cathartic
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•
Causes vomiting
Relieves constipation
Laxative
•Relieves constipation

57. 57
Apply Your Knowledge
Apply Your Knowledge
Apply Your Knowledge
Which of the following structures is a part of the small
intestine?
A. cecum
B. sigmoid colon
C. ileum

58. 58
Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
Apply Your Knowledge
Apply Your Knowledge
Which of the following is the site where digestion begins?
A. mouth
B. stomach
C. duodenum

59. 59
Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Apply Your Knowledge
Apply Your Knowledge
Locate the following
structures on this diagram:
stomach, liver, gallbladder, large
intestine, small intestines, anus,
pancreas, duodenum and rectum
3.
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Answers:
1. rectum
2. anal canal
3. large intestine
4. small intestine
5. duodenum
6. gall bladder
7. liver
8. stomach
9. pancreas

60. 60
Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Apply Your Knowledge
Apply Your Knowledge
Mrs. Jones has recently had a cholecystectomy and she
receives specific dietary instructions from her physician.
Which of the following food types might she be instructed
to avoid?
A. fatty foods
B. meats
C. sweets
Answer: A. fatty foods because she will have limited
bile which is needed to breakdown the fats

61. 61
Apply Your Knowledge Part 5
Apply Your Knowledge
Apply Your Knowledge
James has been vomiting off and on for the past 8 hours.
He goes to the local emergency room for treatment. Which
of the following medications might he receive?
A. antiemetic
B. cathartic
C. antacid

62. 10/24/2022 Lecturer: Mustafe Mouse 62