Osama abd elmohsen

Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
Architectural Department
Special Studies of History andTheories of Architecture
Fall 2021
Dealing with theory
Shanghai World Financial Center
Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF)
Presented to:
Prof. Ibrahim Maarouf
Presented by:
Osama Abd ElmohsenIbrahim Elgohary
Date:
1/10/2022

ShanghaiWorld FinancialCenter
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
1 THE ARCHITECT
1.1 biography
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates:
A. Eugene Kohn, William Pedersen, and Sheldon Fox
created KPF in 1976 after coordinating their resignation
from John Carl Warnecke & Associates, one of the
country's major architectural firms.
It’s an architecture firm founded in the United States that
specialises in architecture, interior, programming and
master planning services.
KPF is located in New York City, where it is one of the
largest architecture firms in the city.
KPF was chosen by the American Broadcasting Company
(ABC) to rehabilitate a disused armoury building on
Manhattan's West Side into TV studios and offices shortly
after. Over the next 11 years, this resulted in 14 more
projects for ABC, as well as commissions from large
corporations around the country, such as AT&T and
Hercules Incorporated. KPF had almost 250 architects
working on projects in cities across the United States by
the mid-1980s. KPF was dubbed "the top commercial firm
now working in the United States" by John Burgee (of
rival design firm John Burgee Architects) in 1985.
1.2 Career
KPF evolved from an American business recognised for
corporate designs to a worldwide practise with
institutional, government, and transportation
commissions in addition to corporate work during the
1980s and 1990s.
Then, From the 1990s to 2009, worked in Asia and
worldwide.
After its founding, KPF has refined special skill in the
areas of office design, supertall structures, and large-
scale, urban, mixed-use complexes.
KPF's projects include civic and cultural spaces,
commercial office buildings, transportation facilities,
residential and hospitality developments, educational and
institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial
developments. Figure 3: Sheldon Fox
Figure 2: William Pedersen
Figure 1: Eugene Kohn

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1.3 Architectural approach
“KPF is committed to creating places loved by users and neighbors alike. They take that responsibility
seriously, engaging local community members from the earliest stages of the design process, sharing
our ideas and spending time to build trust and to better understand their needs.” They strongly
believe that architecture can be an agent for improving the quality of life and changing our
society for the better” . there values include promoting universal access to a high-quality public
realm, advocating for a more sustainable environment, and encouraging the freedom of expression in
all who work with them.
1.4 Projects
Buildings have a long-term impact on their surroundings, frequently lasting decades. As a result, the
design must not only serve the present user's stated goal, but also contribute to the surrounding context.
Developing places and involving local residents in the design process.
1.4.1 OPPO Chang An R&D Center .
it allows various views of the company to share
knowledge, stimulate collaboration, and genuinely work
as an one living system by providing an uninterrupted
link for everyone on campus.
The campus, which is laid out as a series of concentric
circles, creates a strong sense of connectedness and
accessibility. The center portion of the circles is always
left empty, allowing for a variety of uses such as vertical
circulation atria, sunken plazas, interactive meeting
rooms, and lush outdoor spaces.
1.4.2 Harbin Bank Headquarters.
The Headquarters is a miniature metropolis within the
historic commercial core of northeastern China, connecting
a number of separate entities into a single organism.
The height of the separate building components is
varied to achieve a balanced composition of volumes.
The office tower, at 156 metres, is the complex's
highest point, while the bank hall, at 24 metres, is its
lowest.
1.4.3 NYCHA Red Hook Houses.
KPF and NYCHA collaborated on a resiliency and
renewal plan to reduce the community's vulnerability to
natural disasters while also improving the sustainability
and livability of the development's 28 buildings, which
house over 6,000 people.
The project's concept proposes a landscape solution for
flood protection that is invisible. Internal courtyards
with raised ground provide permanent flood barriers to
sustain a porous campus.
Figure 4: OPPO Chang An R&D Center
Figure 5: Harbin Bank Headquarters
Figure 6: NYCHA Red Hook Houses

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2. Shanghai World Financial Center
2.1 History
The first concepts were created in 1993, with Mori Building Company
as the developer and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) as the
design architect. Following the completion of conceptual structural
designs by Ove Arup & Partners, New York, all design work was
shifted to Tokyo, with the exception of architecture, to be completed
locally by the Shimizu Corporation.
The piling had been bid and installed by 1995. Approximately 200
concrete-filled steel pipe friction piles were driven at minimal spacing
to a depth of 78 m from the ground surface using reusable followers.to
the ground surface, which were to be used for subsequent top-down
construction, providing temporary vertical support for the below-grade
concrete floors.
To address the difficulty of constructing a larger skyscraper on top of an
existing piled foundation proportioned for the previous design, MORI
Building Company approached LERA seeking an alternate design to
that provided in the preexisting construction papers. The expense of
reinforcing the existing piling was considerable, in part because the pile
cut-off was much below grade and in part owing to non-engineering
factors. LERA estimated that the installed pile foundation could support
a larger structure, but only if the original building's weight was reduced
by more than 10% and the loads were re-distributed to the piling to
accommodate the higher lateral stresses from wind and earthquake.
2.2 Description
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF).
Developer: Mori Building Co.
Structural engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates RLLP Main
Height:
1. Architectural: 492.0 m ( 1,6 14.2 ft).
2. Top: 494.3 m ( 1 ,621 .7 ft).
3. Roof : 487.4 m ( 1 ,599 .1 ft).
4. Top floor: 474.0 m ( 1 ,555. 1 ft).
5. Observatory: 474 m ( 1 ,555 .1 ft).
Technical details:
1. Floor count: 101
2. Floor area: 381 ,600 m2 (4,107,500 sq ft)
3. Lifts/elevators: 91
Type: Office, hotel, museum, observation, parking garage, retail
Architectural style: Neo-Futurism .
Location: 100 Century Avenue, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
Construction started: 1997.
Completed : 2008.
Opening: 28 August 2008.
Cost: RMB ¥ 8.1 7 billion (USD $ 1 .20 billion).
Owner: Shanghai World Financial Center Co., Ltd. Figure 7: the SWFC skyscraper

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2.3 Design Concept
As the tower rises in the sky, a square prism” the ancient Chinese
sign for the earth” is intersected by two comic arcs representing
the skies. The combination of these two realms gives rise to the
structure's design, carving a square sky doorway at the summit of
the tower that balances the structure and connects the two
conflicting components of heaven and earth.
Soaring above the city skyline, the Shanghai World Financial
Center stands as a symbol of commerce and culture that speaks to
the city's emergence as a global capital.
“The circular aperture in the World for its simplicity and
functionality”
The most distinctive feature of the SWFC's design is the trapezoid
aperture at the peak. original design specified a circular aperture,
46 m (151ft) in diameter, to reduce the stress load of wind and to
reference the Chinese mythological of the sky as a circle. It also
refers to a Chinese moon gate due to its circular form in Chinese
architecture. However, this initial design began facing protests
from some Chinese, including the mayor of Shanghai, Chen
Liangyu, who considered it too similar to the rising sun design of
the Japanese flag. Pedersen then suggested that a bridge be placed
at the bottom of the aperture to make it less circular.
the SWFC's at 480 meters, is the world's second highest building
as of 2008. It is 16 meters shorter than Taiwan's Taipei 101,
which stands at 508 meters. This is due to the spire atop Taipei
101. The Shanghai World Financial Center is 44 m taller than
Taipei 101 when measured by roof height.
Figure 8: the SWFC skyscraper
Figure 9: diagram show the SWFC’s rank

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2.4 Suggested historical origins ofdesign
While analyzing and studying main features and characters of the
tower, several historical origins has been noticed to discuss.
Using metal and glass façade character
1- Imitating and inspiring by early skyscrapers using steel and glass
architecture and steel construction systems rhythm and arraying
in opening windows.
2- Another historical origin as seems affected by futurism
movement design characterized by long dynamic lines and motion.
The design us the similar approaches to ensure futuristic
movement of the building.
The Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia, co-creator of the
"Manifesto of Futurist Architecture," had one vision of futuristic
architecture. Sant'Elia and his Italian colleague Mario Chiattone
created a series of sketches titled "La Città Nuova," or "New
City." Their concept of futuristic architecture was reflected in
the sketches. Sant'Elia's drawings show megastructures,
industrial architecture, and a lot of steel, all of which embody the
spirit of the machine age
2.5 Suggested architectural theory
Futurism is the term that applied in architectural within rational of
structure identification by creation approaches in design models
among existing technology to generate optimum architecture under
the title of modernism.
Figure 10: “La Città Nuova”

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2.5 Illustrative drawings
Figure 15: Elevation & sections
Figure 12: Exhibition floorplan Figure 13: Sky Bridge Figure 14: Sky walk
Figure 9: Typical plan at the lower floors Figure 11: Hotel, floorplan
Figure 10: Typical plan at the lower floors

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2.6 Context analysis
The building locates in a commercial area that’s contains many town landmarks but it’s consider the
second tallest building within the area. It’s surrounding with major streets and open spaces which
provide a clear view to the building. Around the block there are pedestrian/cycling routes and
connections sidewalks.
The building located to protect access to sunlight and sky view within the surrounding context of
streets, parks, public and private open space but it isn’t fitting within the existing context and provides
an inappropriate transition in scale.
2.7 Proportions and scale
According to the height of the building with 494.3 m high and
using material glass and steel provide feel to height growth it’s
creating a building with a large scale. The form is extremely high
in comparison with the width, giving large impact and ratios away
from stable ratios 1:1which reflect the design massage “as the
tower ascends in gesture to the sky”, it was up to structural
design to come up with a new challenge to the building system
to keep the concept on track.
Modular system has been used to create an aesthetic rationale
which enhances the beauty of the form.
The Modular proportioning system based on mathematical
proportions of the human body as a point of reference.
The system provides of measurement that could dictate the
size of volumes and surfaces based on a human scale and
insure the repetition and sequences throw the height.
Figure 16: Site
Figure 17: shot showing the modularity
of the SWFC’s facade.

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2.7.1 Defining skyscraper
Top storeys
Primarily through skyscraper massing and articulation of top
form (sky walk) create an integrated and appropriate conclusion
to the top stories and make an appropriate contribution to the
quality and character of the city skyline.
Middle storeys
The form has a variety of floor plan as we ascends the floor
area get smaller which is effect on sky view, privacy, wind,
and the amount of sunlight and shadows that reach the public
realm and neighboring properties. The repetition of the typical
floor organize and articulate sky scraper to promote design
excellence, innovation, and sustainability
Lower storeys
The lower storeys “ base building is the frame of the public
realm, articulate entrances for building users, and assist in the
creation of an attractive and animated public realm which
provides a safe, interesting, and comfortable pedestrian
experience. The base and open space at an appropriate scale,
integrate with adjacent context’s buildings, assist to achieve
transition down with the massive height to servicing on the
public realm.
Design the base to fit harmoniously within the existing context
and respect the scale and proportion of adjacent streets,
pedestrian, parks, and public spaces as we see in the atrium of
the entrance the hierarchy of spaces inside and outside.
3. References
1. "Shanghai World Financial Center - The Skyscraper
Center". skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
2. "Shanghai World Financial Center". SkyscraperPage.com.
Retrieved 10 April 2008.
3. Website ( https://www.kpf.com/ https://www.kpf.com )
Figure 19: Inner shot ofatrium.
Figure 18: separated shot ofskyscraper.

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Osama abd elmohsen

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