6. DEFINITION
Refractive error also known as refraction error is
problem with focusing of light on the retina .
According to lippen cott
Refractive error means that the shape of the eye
does not bend light proper and correct resulting
in a blurred image .
According to luckmans
9. TYPES
1. MYOPIA -
Near-sightedness also known as short –
sightedness and myopia is a condition of the
sightedness and myopia is a condition of the
eye where light focuses in front of the retina
instead of on the retina this causes distant
objects to be blurred while close objects
appear normal.
11. Nuclear sclerosis refers to cloudiness, hardening,
and yellowing of the central region of the lens in the
eye called the nucleus. Nuclear sclerosis
12. ( In humans, the total optical power of the relaxed eye is approximately
60 dioptres. )
13. 2.HYPEROPIA
Far-sightedness also known as long
sightedness ….
Hyperopia is a condition of the eye in which
light is focused behind the retina , instead
light is focused behind the retina , instead
(different side ) of on the retina . Resulting in an
inability to seen near objects clear .
Causes - abnormal shape of cornea ( difficulty
in near objects )
14. 3. PRESBYOPIA
Pres-byopia is a common type of vision
disorder. It is often referred to as the
aging eye condition and due to causes of
hardening of lens of the eye.
Lens becomes less flexible, it can no
Lens becomes less flexible, it can no
longer change shape to focus on close-up
images. Result in the inability to focus on
close – up image , a problem associated
with refraction in the eye ..
15. 4. ASTIGMATISM
Is a condition in which an abnormal
curvature of the cornea .
Asti-gmatisms may cause eye
Asti-gmatisms may cause eye
strain (People who look at screens two
or more hours in a row every day ) and
may be combined with
nearsightedness or long-
sightedness .
17. InfectionAdenovirus
Injury Due To Optic Nerve Damage
Ultraviolet Radiation
Eye Disease
Inherited
Aging ( Above 45 year )
Aging ( Above 45 year )
Environmental Factors
Previous Corneal Injury
Previous Eye Surgery
Optic Nerve Hyperplasia
18. Infection adenovirus
conjunctivitis. One site of infection that has
received sparse attention is the cornea, a
transparent tissue and the window of the eye.
While most adenovirus infections are self-
While most adenovirus infections are self-
limited, corneal inflammation (keratitis) due
to adenovirus can persist or recur for months
to years after infection, leading to reduced
vision, discomfort, and light sensitivity.
19. Injury due to optic nerve
damage
Optic nerves are vital to your eyesight.
Damage to these nerves can lead
to temporary or permanent vision
loss. Glaucoma is the most common
loss. Glaucoma is the most common
optic nerve disorder. If left untreated,
optic nerve damage can lead to
refractive error and blindness.
20. Ultraviolet radiation
UV light effect the all structures
of the eye. Corneal damage,
cataracts ( a cloudy lens ) and
macular degeneration are all
cataracts ( a cloudy lens ) and
macular degeneration are all
possible chronic effects from UV
exposure and can ultimately lead
to decreased vision and refractive
error .
21. Eye disorder /disease
A refractive error is a very common
eye disorder. It occurs when the eye
cannot clearly focus the images
cannot clearly focus the images
from the outside world.The result of
refractive errors is blurred vision,
which is sometimes so severe that it
causes visual impairment.
22. inherited
Research suggests that refractive
errors can, in some cases, be
inherited. If one or both parents have
inherited. If one or both parents have
a refractive error, a child is more likely
to suffer from one as well. Babies may
be born with a refractive error and the
condition can worsen over time.
23. Aging ( Above 45 year )
Change in muscle tissue of structure of
eye lead refractive error
Environmental factors
Such as pollutants, toxic gasses and chemicals,
bacteria, smoking, and ultraviolet radiation can
all harm different parts of our eyes.
24. Previous Corneal Injury
Corneal injury is a wound to the part of the
eye known as the cornea.The cornea is the
crystal clear (transparent) tissue that covers
the front of the eye. It works with the lens of
the eye to focus images on the retina. Any
injury lead to refractive error
Previous Eye Surgery
Any eye surgery lead the
complication of eye and change in
structure of eye the lead the
refractive error
25. Optic Nerve Hyperplasia
Optic Nerve Hyperplasia
( collection of more than a
million nerve fibers that
million nerve fibers that
transmit visual signals from
the eye )
27. symptoms
1. Double vision
2. Haziness ( unclearness )
3. Glare or halos around bright light ( LIGHT
IRRRITATION BUS CAR )
IRRRITATION BUS CAR )
4. Squinting ( it is a condition where the eyes do
not look in the same direction )
5. Headaches
6. Eye strain ( BLURRED ) fatigue pain in or
around the eyes blurred vision ,headache,
occasional double vision.
7. Eye irritation
28.
29.
30.
31. Ophthalmoscopy
is an examination of the back part of
the eye (fundus), which includes the
the eye (fundus), which includes the
retina , optic disc, choroid , and blood
vessels.
32. CORNEALTOPOGRAPHY
This computerized test maps the curve of
eye cornea , it can show problem with eye
surface like swelling or scarring .
SLIT LAMP EXAM –
SLIT LAMP EXAM –
The doctor uses this microscope to shine a
beam of light shaped like a small slit on
effected eye .he may dilated pupils during
the test it help diagnose .
33. TONOMETRY
Test measures the pressure inside eye
.which is called intra ocular pressure
RETINOSCOPY
It is a technique obtain an objective measurement of
the refractive error of a patients eye .
the refractive error of a patients eye .
Retinoscopy is an examination of the retina that
provides an objective measurement of refractive
error.The procedure is performed by an optometrist
during an eye exam to determine if a patient has
myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia
(farsightedness) or astigmatism
35. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Identify the cause & eliminate the cause
Lens correction – a concave lens is used
to correct the problem
Prevention foreign particles enter in eye
Prevention foreign particles enter in eye
Use of sunglasses
Use of antibiotics prevention from
infection
38. Surgical management
LASIK-
laser eye surgery
( laser assisted in situ kereto-mileusis )
This procedure used to treat nearsightedness
,farsightedness K
IS A METHOD OF RESHAPING THE CORNEA SURFACE TO
CHANGE ITS OPTICAL POWER.
A laser is used to reshape the cornea – the clear ,round
dome at the front of the eye ..
To improve the way the eye focuses light rays on to the
retina at the back of the eye.
39. AUTOMATIC LAME -LLAR
KERATOPLASTY (ALK)
Keratoplasty is the procedure where by
abnormal corneal tissue is replaced by a
healthy donor cornea.
healthy donor cornea.
Is a older type of vision surgery carried out
by making a flap in the cornea to help
correct severe short sightedness and long-
sightedness.
40. PHOTO REFRACTIVE
KERETOTOMY (PRK)
To correct myopia
The eye surgeon then gently
The eye surgeon then gently
removing the surface corneal
cells ( epithelium )
41. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assess the patient for any previous allergy
to medicine, fruits etc
When we administer any new medicine we
have to observe the side effect of it
have to observe the side effect of it
We must have the knowledge about the
sign symptoms of shock
Observe the response to the treatment
42. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Safe administration of the prescribed fluid
Right documentation
Monitor the hemodynamic pressure, vital
sign, arterial blood gas
sign, arterial blood gas